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AP Psychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Pulses of electromagnetic energy received through the cornea, pupil, then lens which focuses light on retina [ability to see]

A

Vision

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2
Q

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones do not respond [sensitive to light]

A

Rods

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3
Q

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and function in daylight/ well-lit conditions; detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

A

Cones

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4
Q

Central focal point of the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

A

Fovea

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5
Q

The recognition of things from different angles and colors, perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

A

Perceptual Constancy

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6
Q

Processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions [vision]

A

Parallel Processing

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7
Q

Process of light energy being converted to neurochemical energy [transforming of stimulus energies (sights, sounds, smells) into neural impulses our brains can interpret]

A

Transduction

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8
Q

Holds that cones and perceives color through combinations of red, blue, and green receptors

A

Trichromatic Theory

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9
Q

Proposes that some receptors eliminate opposing colors that share the same pathway (red-green, yellow-blue, black-white) in the retina

A

Opponent Process Theory

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10
Q

Process by which sound waves enter the outer ear through the auditory canal to the eardrum

A

Hearing

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11
Q

Height of an energy wave

A

Amplitudes

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12
Q

Sound volume measured in ____

A

Decibels

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13
Q

Theory that certain hairs are only activated by certain frequencies [links pitch we hear with place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated]

A

Place Theory

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14
Q

Theory that neurons fire in unison with the vibrations to match the frequency of the vibrations (interpreted by the brain)

A

Frequency Theory

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15
Q

Due to physical damage to the eye or its neural pathways [inability to distinguish some/all colors]

A

Color/Total Blindness [Mechanical]

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16
Q

Due to malfunctioning cones, rods, or neural pathways [inability to distinguish some/all colors]

A

Color/Total Blindness [Neurological]

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17
Q

Hearing loss resulting from damage to the outer or middle ear

A

Conductive Hearing Loss

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18
Q

Permanent hearing loss that results from damage or malformation of the middle ear and auditory nerve

A

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

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19
Q

A perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway

A

Synesthesia

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20
Q

Made up of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup (middle ear) transmits vibrations to the cochlea (inner ear)

A

Eardrum

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21
Q

A tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil

A

Hammer

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22
Q

A tiny bone that passed vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup

A

Anvil

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23
Q

A tiny U shaped bone that passes vibrations from the anvil to the cochlea

A

Stirrup

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24
Q

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

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25
Q

Structure running the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors (hair cells) [hairs lining it are vibrated, activating neurons at the base of hairs]

A

Basilar Membrane

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26
Q

The brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of brain system; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

A

Thalamus

27
Q

[In occipital lobe] Relay information on shape, edges, angles, etc., and allow us to recognize familiar faces and shapes from various angles, colors, etc.

A

Feature Receptors

28
Q

The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye

A

Cornea

29
Q

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

Pupil

30
Q

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

Lens

31
Q

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

A

Retina

32
Q

Eye neurons that receive information from the retinal cells and distribute information to the ganglion cells

A

Bipolar Cells

33
Q

Their axons form the optic nerve

A

Ganglion Cells

34
Q

Pressure, pain, temperature

A

Touch

35
Q

Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals

A

Nociceptors

36
Q

Theory that small fibers are constantly sending pain signals to the brain, while large fibers block said signals until stimulated

A

Gate-Control

37
Q

The impact of touch on cognitive preferences and judgments

A

Embodied Cognition

38
Q

[Salty, sweet, bitter, sour, and umami] Detected on bumps lining entire tongue, sensation of flavor perceived in the mouth and throat on contact with a substance

A

Taste

39
Q

Learned fears and other learned expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing, and perceptual interpretations

A

Psychological Influences

40
Q

Olfaction, activation of receptor cells in the olfactory membrane

A

Smell

41
Q

On top of nasal cavity, smell functions through activation of receptor cells

A

Olfactory Membrane

42
Q

Nose

A

Nasal Cavity

43
Q

Our sense of position regarding our body and its parts, sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

A

Kinesthesia

44
Q

Monitors head position and movement

A

Vestibular Sense

45
Q

Manages our balance

A

Semicircular Canals

46
Q

[Inner ear] Contain fluid that moves when your head rotates/tilts, body’s sense of balance

A

Vestibular Sacs

47
Q

Developed concept of absolute threshold for perception, psychophysics

A

Fechner

48
Q

Helped define difference thresholds, absolute threshold

A

Weber

49
Q

Feature receptors and visual cortex

A

David Hubell and Torsten Wiesel

50
Q

The ability to detect signal difference (distinguishes people’s voices, animal sounds, etc.)

A

Difference Thresholds

51
Q

The ability to detect the presence of a weak stimulus amid other stronger stimuli, assumes there is no single threshold

A

Signal Detection

52
Q

Brief auditory or visual messages that are presented below the absolute threshold

A

Subliminal Messaging

53
Q

Starts at sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing, sees the image for what it is, not what it could or should be

A

Bottom-up Processing

54
Q

Constructs perceptions that draw from our own experiences and expectations, not just stimulation itself

A

Top-down Processing

55
Q

Ability to focus on one stimulus among many

A

Selective Attention

56
Q

Ability to attend to only one voice among many

A

Cocktail Party Effect

57
Q

Not noticing stimuli when focused on others

A

Inattentional Blindness

58
Q

Failing to notice changes in the environment, especially when selective attention focuses our conscious thought on a single stimuli

A

Change Blindness

59
Q

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (not smelling one’s own house, clothes, odor)

A

Sensory Adaptation

60
Q

The formation of whole, meaningful, or continuous stimuli when given mixed or unintegrated pieces of visual information

A

Gestalt Principle

61
Q

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings (face or vases, can only see one at a time)

A

Figure-ground

62
Q

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups based on continuity, proximity, and closure

A

Grouping

63
Q

A mental disposition to see one thing over another

A

Perceptual Set

64
Q

Can trigger varying perceptions based on the context or set of expectations one has about an object, sound, touch, etc.

A

Context Effects

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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