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GCSE Biology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially pemeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

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2
Q

Partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane with very small holes in it

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3
Q

What do substances move by?

A

Diffusion, osmosis and active transport

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4
Q

What part of the body are the lungs in?

A

The thorax

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5
Q

Thorax

A

The top part of your body

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6
Q

Abdomen

A

The lower part of your body

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7
Q

How is the thorax separated from the abdomen?

A

By the diaphragm

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8
Q

What are the lungs protected by?

A

The ribcage

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9
Q

Where does the air that you breathe in go through?

A

The trachea

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10
Q

What does the trachea split into?

A

Two tubes called ‘bronchi’

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11
Q

Where do the bronchi go into?

A

Each bronchus goes into each lung

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12
Q

What do the bronchi split progressively into?

A

Bronchioles

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13
Q

Where do the bronchioles end?

A

At the alveoli

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14
Q

Alveoli

A

Small bags where gas exchange takes place

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15
Q

What happens to your body when you breath in?

A

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
Thorax volume increases
This decreases the pressure, drawing air in

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16
Q

What is the function of artificial ventilators?

A

Machines that move air in and out of the lungs

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17
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the body?

A

In the lungs

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18
Q

What is the job of the lungs?

A

Ventilation

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19
Q

How do the lungs carry out their job?

A

With millions of alveoli

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20
Q

What are alveoli specialised to do?

A

Maximise diffusion of oxygen and CO2

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21
Q

What is the structure of alveoli?

A

An enormous surface area
A moist lining for dissolving gases
Very thin walls
A good blood supply

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22
Q

What is the inside of the small intestine covered in?

A

Millions of villi

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23
Q

Ventilation

A

The movement of air into and out of the lungs

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24
Q

Why is ventilation needed?

A

So that oxygen from the air can diffuse into the bloodstream and so that carbon dioxide can diffuse out of the blood

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25
Q

Villi

A

Tiny little projections

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26
Q

What is the function of villi?

A

They increase the surface area so that digested food is absorbed more quickly into the blood

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27
Q

What is the structure of villi?

A

A single layer of surface cells
A good blood supply to assist quick absorption

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28
Q

What two parts of the body are adapted to aid diffusion?

A

Lungs
Villi

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29
Q

What are root hair cells specialised for?

A

Absorbing water and minerals

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30
Q

Active transport

A

The absorption of a substance against a concentration gradient

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31
Q

How do root hair cells take in minerals?

A

Active transport

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32
Q

What do root hair cells have to take in minerals?

A

Long hairs which stick out in the soil

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33
Q

Why do we need active transport?

A

To stop us from starving

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34
Q

How does active transport stop us from starving?

A

It allows nutrients to be taken into the blood against the concentration gradient

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35
Q

Where is active transport used to stop us from starving?

A

In the gut

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36
Q

What do phloem tubes transport?

A

Food

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37
Q

What are phloem tubes made of?

A

Columns of living cells

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38
Q

Where do phloem tubes transport food?

A

To growing regions and storage organs

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39
Q

What is the function of xylem tubes?

A

Take water up

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40
Q

What are xylem tubes made of?

A

Dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them

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41
Q

Where do xylem tubes carry water?

A

From the roots to the stem and leaves

42
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water from a plant

43
Q

What is transpiration caused by?

A

The evaporation and diffusion of water from inside the leaves

44
Q

What does transpiration cause?

A

A slight shortage of water in the leaf

45
Q

What is the function of the first circuit of the circulatory system?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen, and then returns to the heart

46
Q

What is the function of the second circuit of the circulatory system?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body

47
Q

Heart

A

A pumping organ that keeps the blood flowing around the body

48
Q

What are the walls of the heart made of?

A

Muscle tissue

49
Q

What does the heart have to make sure blood pumps in the right direction?

A

Valves

50
Q

What four chambers does the heart have?

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

51
Q

Vena cava and pulmonary vein

A

Where the blood flows from into the two atria

52
Q

What happens when blood flows into the two atria?

A

They contract, pushing the blood into the ventricles

53
Q

What happens when blood is pushed into the ventricles?

A

They contract, forcing the blood into the pulmonary vein and aorta

54
Q

What three different types of blood vessel are there?

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

55
Q

What is the hole down the middle of a blood vessel called?

A

The lumen

56
Q

What is the function of an artery?

A

To carry blood away from the heart under pressure

57
Q

What are capillaries involved in?

A

The exchange of materials at the tissues

58
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry blood back to the heart

59
Q

What are veins formed of?

A

Capillaries

60
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen

61
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

To defend against disease

62
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Help blood clot

63
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Carries everything in blood

64
Q

How can the heart be repaired?

A

With artificial parts

65
Q

What is the function of a stent?

A

Keeps arteries open

66
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal enviroment

67
Q

What is the function of a kidney?

A

Cleans the blood

68
Q

How do kidneys clean the blood?

A

Removal of urea
Adjustment of ions
Adjustment of water content

69
Q

How is urea removed?

A

Converted into fats and carbohydrates, which can be stored

70
Q

Urea

A

Excess amino acids

71
Q

Nephrons

A

Filtration units in the kidney

72
Q

How do nephrons filter the kidney?

A

Ultrafiltration
Reabsorption
Release of wastes

73
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Small molecules are squeezed out of the blood into the Bowman’s capsule

74
Q

Reabsorption

A

Useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood as it flows along the nephron

75
Q

Release of wastes

A

The remaining substances continue into the bladder and out as urine

76
Q

How is the blood glucose level controlled?

A

With insulin and glucagon

77
Q

What happens when the blood glucose level is too high?

A

Insulin is added

78
Q

What happens when the blood glucose level is too low?

A

Glucagon is added

79
Q

What is type 1 diabetes caused by?

A

A lack of insulin

80
Q

How can Type 1 diabetes be controlled?

A

Avoiding foods rich in carbohydrates
Injecting insulin into blood at mealtimes

81
Q

Sequestered

A

Locked up

82
Q

Where can CO2 be sequestered?

A

Oceans, lakes and ponds
Green plants
Peat bogs

83
Q

Deforestation

A

The cutting down of forests

84
Q

Why does deforestation occur?

A

Provides timber as a building material
Clears land for farming
Produces paper from wood

85
Q

What are the main problems of deforestation?

A

More methane and CO2 in the atmosphere
Less CO2 taken in
Less biodiversity

86
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of different species in a habitat

87
Q

How can the efficency of food production be improved?

A

Reducing the number of stages in the food chain
Restricting the energy lost by farm animals
Developing new food sources

88
Q

Fermentation

A

When bacteria or yeast break sugars down by anaerobic respiration

89
Q

How is ethanol made?

A

Anaerobic fermentation of sugar

90
Q

How is biogas made?

A

Anaerobic fermentation of waste material

91
Q

What biogas generators are there?

A

Batch generators
Continuous generators

92
Q

Mycoprotein

A

Protein from fungi

93
Q

Overfishing

A

Decreasing fishing stocks

94
Q

How can fish stocks be maintained?

A

Fishing quotas
Net size

95
Q

What are the disadvantages of efficient food production?

A

Air miles
Increased risk of spread of diseases in battery farms
This is also considered as cruel to the animals

96
Q

Under what conditions is water loss in a plant at it’s greatest?

A

Hot
Dry
Windy

97
Q

How does the addition of insulin reduce the blood glucose level?

A

Insulin turns glucose into glycogen

98
Q

How is glucose turned into glycogen?

A

With glucagon

99
Q

What detects the blood glucose level?

A

The pancreas

100
Q
A

GCSE Biology (3 decks)

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