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Higher Biology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Give 4 ways to improve crop yields.

A

Add fertilisers/minerals to re,over factors that a might be limiting plant growth.
Replace exciting strain with a higher-yielding cultivar.
Protect crops with pesticides, fungicides and herbicides.
Develop pest-resistant crop plants

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2
Q

Give the pros and cons on livestock production.

A

Pro- possible in areas that are not suitable for plant growth eg hills
Con-produces less food per unit area due to the loss of energy between tropic levels.

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3
Q

Why are short food chains more desirable than long ones

A

Less energy is lost between trophic levels.

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4
Q

What is all food production ultimately dependant on p?

A

Photosynthesis

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5
Q

What colour of light is most important for photosynthesis?

A

Blue and red

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6
Q

What are the three fates of light when it strikes a leaf?

A

Absorption
Transmission
Reflection

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7
Q

Where are photosynthetic pigments found in a leaf and what do they do ?

A

In the grana and they absorb light energy and convert it into light energy

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8
Q

What are accessory pigments called and what is their role ?

A

Carotenoids. They are present in leafs and absorb wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a and b cannot absorb. They pass this energy to chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

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9
Q

What does an absorption spectrum show

A

Which colours/wavelengths of light are absorbed by a pigment for photosynthesis.

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10
Q

What does an action spectrum show

A

The rate at which photosynthesis is carried out at different wavelengths of light.

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11
Q

Give 4 fates of sugar produced by photosynthesis

A

Used immediately for energy
Stored as starch
Used to build cellulose
Can contribute to the synthesis of metabolites eg amino acids

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12
Q

What is plant productivity defined as

A

The rate at which plants generate new biomass

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13
Q

What is net assimilation

A

(Increase In mass due to photosynthesis) - (loss in mass due to respiration)

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14
Q

What factors effect plant productivity

A

Temperature
Light intensity
Carbon dioxide concentration

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15
Q

Why is the hereditary of plants and animals manipulated by scientists

A

To produce a new and improved cultivar or breed to provide s sustainable food source for humans.

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16
Q

Give 3 desirable characteristics of plants/ animals

A

High yield
High nutritional value
Resistance from pests

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17
Q

What does food security involve

A

Quality, quantity, access

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18
Q

Define symbiosis.

A

An intimate ecological relationship between two different species that has evolved over millions of years.

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19
Q

What are the 2 categories of symbiosis?

A

Mutualism

Parasitism

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20
Q

What is parasitism?

A

A symbiotic relationship where only one species benefits from the relationship (the parasite) the host is harmed. The parasite benefits from the supply of nutrients/energy from the host. The host is harmed at the loss of these nutrients / energy

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21
Q

How has evolution played a role in parasitism especially ?

A

The relationship has evolved so that there is a balance between the damage done by the parasite and the defence mechanism of the host. This ensures that the host doesn’t die which would be disadvantageous to the parasite.

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22
Q

Give the 3 ways in which parasites can transmit from one host to another.

A

Direct Contact
Resistant stages
Vectors.

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23
Q

Give 2 types of life cycles that parasites employ.

A

Direct life cycle- eggs are shed and passed onto new member of host species.
indirect life cycles- a primary host is used for reproduction and used a secondary host for its life cycle.

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24
Q

Define mutualism.

A

A symbiotic relationship where both species involved benefit from the relationship.

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25
Q

Give 3 behaviours that are shown my social animals living in groups.

A

Social hierarchies
Cooperative hunting
Social defence.

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26
Q

What are the advantages of a social hierarchy?(3)

A

Real fighting is kept to a minimum.
Experienced leadership is guaranteed
Powerful animals are likely to pass on their genes.

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27
Q

What are the advantages of cooperative hunting ?(3)

A

Larger prey can be caught
All members of social group gain food therefore all members benefit - even subordinate animals.
They gain more energy than by hunting alone

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28
Q

What is altruism ?

A

When an individual behaves in a certain way that is detrimental (harmful) to itself but benefits another.

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29
Q

What is reciprocal altruism?

A

When an individual displays altruistic behaviour provided that there is a real prospect of the favour being returned when the roles of the recipient and donor are reversed.

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30
Q

What is kin selection and how does it benefit the donor ?

A

Altruistic behaviour amongst members that are related to each other which benefits the donor as the there is an increases chance of the survival of shared genes in the recipients’ offspring.

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31
Q

In what 2 ways is the labour within social insects divided ?

A
  • reproduction with fertile members

- food gathering a defence

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32
Q

What is a keystone species and why are they so important

A

They are species that play a critical role in the structure and working of an ecosystem. They are crucial as without them, many ecosystems would collapse.

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33
Q

Why is parental care important in primates

A

It allows the young primates the opportunity to learn complex social behaviours eg hunting, sharing, cooperation, communication.

34
Q

How can primates reduce conflict?

A 
Ritualistic displays (threat displays )
Appeasement (a submissive response) which involves grooming, sexual presentation, body posture etc
35
Q

How can members of a social hierarchy increase their social status?

A

By forming alliances. These can often form as a result of grooming between non-related members of a species.

36
Q

Upon what 3 factors do the structure of social groups depend?

A

The group’s ecological niche
Resource distribution
Taxanomic groups

37
Q

Why do self-pollinating plants not suffer from inbreeding depression?

A

Deleterious, recessive alleles are eliminated by natural selection

38
Q

What does inbreeding depression result in?

A

Decline in size, vigour, fertility

39
Q

How can inbreeding depression be avoided when natural out breeders are forced to inbreed ?

A

By introducing new alleles from a animal/plant that has the same desirable characteristic but otherwise genetically diverse.

40
Q

What 3 things must be considered when designing a field trial and why?

A

Selection of treatments to ensure fair comparisons.
Adequate number of replicas to take into account variability.
Randomisation of treatment to eliminate bias.

41
Q

What is the difference between inbreeding and outbreeding?

A

Inbreeding involves the fusion of gametes from closely related relatives.
Outbreeding involves the fusion of gametes from unrelated members of the same species.

42
Q

What are the effects of long term inbreeding?

A

Loss of heterozygosity

Inbreeding depression

43
Q

What is inbreeding depression?

A

The accumulation of recessive alleles that can be deleterious causing a decline in size, vigour and fertility

44
Q

How can the effects of inbreeding be overcome ?

A

By crossbreeding which introduced new but desired characteristics.

45
Q

Why is the F2 generation of cross breeding not useful and what is done to make them useful?

A

Because they show a lot of variability.

They are backcrossed with the parent (or a strain with the same genes as parent) to maintain the desired genotype.

46
Q

What is a hybrid ?

A

An individual resulting from 2 genetically dissimilar parents.

47
Q

What is hybrid vigour

A

Hybridisation produces offspring that are uniformly heterozygous. So they produce increased vigour, fertility and yield.

48
Q

What is genetic sequencing?

A

It allows the identification of organisms with desirable alleles to be selected to breed

49
Q

Give 4 features of annual weeds

A

Short life cycle
High seed output
Remain dormant for long (long term seed viability)
Grow very quickly.

50
Q

Give 2 features of perennial weeds

A

Have storage organs

Can reproduce vegetatively

51
Q

Give 3 cultural means of removing weeds.

A

Ploughing
Careful in time of sowing
Critical time to remove weeds

52
Q

How can the genotype of an organism be worked out ?

A

Using a test cross with an organism who’s genotype is known. -homozygous recessive

53
Q

What is integrated pest management

A

When biological and chemical methods of pest control are used together

54
Q

What is biological control and what are the risks

A

A way of reducing pests by introducing one of its natural enemies
Predators can become pests if population rises, not all pests are guaranteed to be killed

55
Q

What is ethology

A

The study of animal behaviour

56
Q

What is a preference test

A

A test designed to give an animal a choice of different conditions and the animal can choose which one it prefers

57
Q

What is motivation in animals

A

When animals lack a basic need their motivation to get it increases- motivation tests compare the motivation of different behaviours

58
Q

What is the evidence behind the theory that mitochondria and chloroplast were originally prokaryotic cells that became resident in a eukaryotic cell?(3) what is this an example of

A

-they both have their own DNA
-their ribosomes are similar to those found in prokaryotes
-similar in structure with prokaryotes
This is a mutualistic relationship (mitochondria and chloroplasts gain security and eukaryotic cell gains more energy and food - plants)

59
Q

How can genetic diversity be regained after a mass extinction

A

Speciation between survivors

60
Q

What is genetic diversity

A

It relates to the genetic variation of the number and frequency of alleles for a specific gene.

61
Q

Why is genetic diversity important

A

It allows organisms to adapt to changing environments

62
Q

What is species diversity

A

The richness and abundance of different species in an ecosystem

63
Q

What is ecosystem diversity

A

The number of different ecosystems in an area

64
Q

What is island biogeography

A

The study of factors that affect the biodiversity on an island

65
Q

What is a habitat Island

A

An island surrounded by an unlike ecosystem eg an oasis in the desert

66
Q

What is a true Island

A

An island completely surrounded by water

67
Q

What is the bottle neck effect?

A

After a natural disaster a significant percentage of a population is wiped out, leaving behind a small population with a low genetic diversity.

68
Q

What is habitat fragmentation

A

Overtime a habitat is broken up into fragments. The edges of the habitat can degrade which further reduce their size

69
Q

What are edge species and what do they do when their habitat degrades

A

They are species that are adapted to live at the edge of habitat fragments.
The invade the inner habitat at the expense of the inner species when their habitat degrades

70
Q

What is an introduced species ?

A

Species that humans have (un)intentionally introduced to a foreign habitat to them

71
Q

What is a neutralised species

A

When an introduced species becomes established in its new environment

72
Q

What are invasive species

A

When a neutralised species (non native) begins to outcompete native species.

73
Q

Why can non native species become invasive in a foreign habitat

A

The new habit could be free of predators, pathogens, competitors and parasites they could be limiting them in their natural habitat.

74
Q

How can climate change reduce biodiversity

A

Climate change can force species to leave their habitat. The habitat they relocate to could have an increase in competition for food/shelter for the native species there which can reduce biodiversity. Communities become dominated by generalist species which reduces biodiversity.

75
Q

Climate change tends to favour generalist species. Give 3 features of generalist species.

A
  • can tolerate a wide range of climate conditions
  • can adopt to changes quickly
  • can extend their range to match climates.
76
Q

Climate change does not favour specialist species. Give 4 features of specialist species.

A
  • highly adapted to life in their native ecosystem
  • cannot move their range
  • can’t adapt to change
  • may face extinction.
77
Q

What is climate change modelling and why is it limited?

A

When a compute simulates the interaction of factors that are affected by climate change which creates a forecast of biodiversity.
It is limited because some information that it requires is hard to predict eg concentration of co2 gases in the future

78
Q

Give 5 threats to biodiversity

A 
Overexploitation of a natural resource eg fishing 
Habitat fragmentation 
Invasive species 
Climate change 
Bottleneck effect
79
Q

How can climate change have an impact on biodiversity

A

It can force species to move to a different habitat where it could be outcompeted or not be able to adapt to their surroundings

80
Q

Where does carbon fixation occur

A

Within the stroma of the chloroplast

Higher Biology (3 decks)

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