Unit 3: Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the 5 steps of the Scientific Method?

Answer 1

1. Perceiving the question
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Testing the hypothesis
4. Drawing conclusions
5. Report you results

Question 2

Confimation bias

Answer 2

People’s tendency to notice only things that agree with their view of the world

Question 3

Naturalistic Observation (Advantages vs. Disadvantages)

Answer 3

Advantage- Allows researchers to get a realistic picture of how behavior occurs in it’s natural setting

Question 4

Lab Observation (Advantages vs. Disadvantages)

Answer 4

Advantages- Good for infants
-More controlled
Disadvantages- Not practical
-Artificial situation can cause artificial behavior

Question 5

Case Study (Advantages vs. Disadvantages)

Answer 5

Advantage- Can study individual in great detail

Disadvantage- Researcher cannot apply the results to similar people

Question 6

Survey (Advantages vs. Disadvantages)

Answer 6

Advantages- Can find out private behavior
- Lots of data on a very large group of people
Disadvantage- Answers are not very accurate

Question 7

Observer Effect

Answer 7

Animals or people who know they are being watched will not behave normally

Question 8

Observer Bias

Answer 8

Occurs when the person doing the observing has a particular opinion about what he/she expects to see

Question 9

Blind Observer

Answer 9

People who do not know what to the question is and, therefore, have no preconceived notions about what they should see

Question 10

Why should researchers use random samples?

Answer 10

Because researchers usually cannot obtain data from every single person in a group, a smaller portion is randomly selected to represent the entire group as a whole.

Question 11

Correlation

Answer 11

A measure of the relationship between two or more variables

Question 12

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 12

The researcher has two sets of numbers for each person in the study that go into a mathematical formula.
Represents two things: The direction of the relationship and its strength.

Question 13

Operational Definition

Answer 13

It specifically names the operations that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment

Question 14

Independent Variable

Answer 14

Variable manipulated by the experimenter

Question 15

Dependent Variable

Answer 15

Measured variable influenced by the independent variable

Question 16

What is the Hawthorne Effect?

Answer 16

Whether the behavior of the experiment participants will be altered as a result of being part of the experimenter or study itself

Question 17

Confounding Variables

Answer 17

The variables that interfere with each other and their possible effects on some other variable of interest.

Question 18

What is the best way to control Confounding Variables?

Answer 18

The best way to control them is to have two groups of participants that are randomly assigned by the experimenter

Question 19

Placebo Effect

Answer 19

A fake treatment that can sometimes improve a patient’s condition simply because the person has the expectation that it will be helpful.

Question 20

Experimenter Effect

Answer 20

Expectations of the experimenter, not the participants

Question 21

What is the difference between a single and double blind experiment?

Answer 21

Single Blind Experiment- Participants are “blind” to what they receive
Double Blind Experiment- Neither participants nor person(s) measuring the dependent variable know who got what

Question 22

What are the eight guidelines to ethical research?

Answer 22

1. Rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study’s value to science
2. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation
3. Deception must be justified
4. Participants may withdraw from the study at any time
5. Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of risks
6. Investigators must debrief participants , telling the true nature of the study and expectations of results
7. Data must remain confidential
8. If for any reason a study results in undesirable consequences for the participant, the research is responsible for detecting and removing, or correcting, these consequences

Question 23

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 23

A way of organizing numbers and summarizing them so that they can be understood

Question 24

Measures of Central Tendency

Answer 24

Used to summarize the data and give you one score that seems typical of the sample

Question 25

Measures of Variability

Answer 25

Used to indicate how spread out the data is

Question 26

Frequency Distribution

Answer 26

A table or graph that shows how different numbers appear in a particular set of numbers

Question 27

Standard Deviation

Answer 27

Square root of the average squared difference

Question 28

Inferential Statistics

Answer 28

Allows researchers to draw conclusions about results of research and about whether those results are only true for a specific group involved in the study or can be applied to a larger group

Question 29

Statistical Significance

Answer 29

A way to test differences to see how likely those differences are to be real or caused by an anomoly

Question 30

t-Test

Answer 30

Determines if 2 means are different from each other

Question 31

F-test

Answer 31

Determines if 3 or more are different from each other

Question 32

Chi-Square

Answer 32

Compares frequencies of properties between groups to see if they are different