Unit 3 terms

Question 1

he glorified the indiviual self in all of its power and nobility

• challenged the idea of science, morality, and the notion of God
• “God is dead”:
• existentialism

Answer 1

Friedrich Nietzche

Question 2

the rejection of all religious and moral principles, often in the belief that life is meaningless

Answer 2

Nihilism

Nietzche

Question 3

we want the best possible life (keeps driving us foward)

Answer 3

will to power

Nietzche

Question 4

___ : original morality (strong, healthy, powerful, action)

___: most people (weak, helpless, pathetic, herd)

Answer 4

master/slave morality

Nietzche

Question 5

to alter someone’s judgement or reactions

• reversal of values over time
• seen w/christianity

Answer 5

transvaluation of values

Nietzche

Question 6

Nietzche was convinced that humans were destined to evolve to higher forms of being

• the “overman” creates values
• ex: Jesus b/c of great power, influence, and originality

Answer 6

Ubermensch

Nietzche

Question 7

an individual does not make their own decisions, big or small, but that every decision is already decided upon by spiritual/cosmic forces
- not solely a Christian doctrine, but it is most often associated with Calvinism

Answer 7

Predestination

Question 8

• human freedom is an illusion (we do not have free will)
• the view that every event, including human actions, is brought about by previous events in accordance with universal causal laws that govern the world

Answer 8

Determinism

Question 9

• proves determinalism
• takes pythagoreas’s views and advances them
• physical determinist

Answer 9

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 10

biological determinist

Answer 10

Charles Darwin

Question 11

• Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining “insight”

Answer 11

Psychonalysis

Sigmund Freud

Question 12

• instinctual drives (sexuality, aggressiveness, self destruction), traumatic memories, unfilled wishes and childhood fantasies, thoughts and feelings that would be considered socially taboo
• existence can only be inferred from neurotic syptoms, dreams, and “slips of the tongue”

Answer 12

Unconscious

Sigmund Freud

Question 13

• functioning, behavior, and experience are organized in ways that are rational, practical, and appropriate to the social environment
• has the task of controlling the constant pressures of the unconscious self

Answer 13

Conscious

Sigmund Freud

Question 14

• the attachment of the child to the parent of the opposite sex, accompanied by envious and aggressive feelings toward the parent of the same sex.
• these feelings are largely repressed (made unconscious) because of the fear of displeasure or punishment by the parent of the same sex.
• In its original use, the term applied only to the boy or man

Answer 14

Oedipus complex

Question 15

• unconscious is governed by this principle

- the instinctual seeking of pleasure and avoiding of pain in order to satisfy biological and psychological needs

Answer 15

Pleasure principle

Question 16

• conscious is governed by this principle

- the ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly

Answer 16

Reality principle

Question 17

• “from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs”
• believed that ideas should be alive, with real world consequences

Answer 17

Karl Marx

Question 18

the class of modern capitalists, owners of the means of social production and employers of wage labor

Answer 18

Bourgeois

Carl Marx

Question 19

the class of modern wage laborers who, having no means of production of their own, are reduced to selling their labor power in order to live

Answer 19

Proletariat

Carl Marx

Question 20

• the proletariat become an object to the bourgeoisie

- the proletariat performs tasks that rob them of their sense of human value and self-esteem

Answer 20

Alienation

Carl Marx

Question 21

the perception of the social relationships involved in production (as economic relationships among the money and commodities exchanged in market trade)
- it transforms the subjective, abstract aspects of economic value into objective, real things

Answer 21

Commodity fetishism

Carl Marx

Question 22

a set of conscious and unconscious ideas that constitute one’s goals, expectations, and actions

Answer 22

Ideology

Carl Marx

Question 23

the father of Operant Conditioning

Answer 23

B.F Skinner

Question 24

• Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e. strengthened); behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e. weakened)
• ex: skinner box

Answer 24

Behavioral conditioning

Question 25

noone is responsible for your happiness except you

Answer 25

Soren Kierkagaard

Question 26

• founder of existentialism
• expresses philosophical principles in plays
• “we are condemned to be free”

Answer 26

Jean-Paul Sartre

Question 27

emphasizes the challenge and responsibility of all people to create a meaningful existence through the free choices they make
- do not look outward to supernatural creator

Answer 27

Existentialism

Question 28

Jean-Paul Sartre

Answer 28

Existence precedes essence

Question 29

meaning to be found within the structure of a whole language rather than in the analysis of individual words. For Marxists, the truth of human existence could be understood by an analysis of economic structures. Psychoanalysts attempted to describe the structure of the mind in terms of an unconscious.

Answer 29

Structuralism

Question 30

a conception of how we interpret the world

- argue that we can never fully find the truth

Answer 30

Post-structuralism

Michael Foucault

Question 31

a way to study history in relation to what has generally been accepted as Truth throughout the years in relation to more specific, obscure ideas or discourses on Truth at various periods throughout history
- progress is an illusion

Answer 31

Genealogy

Michael Foucault

Question 32

a type of institutional building designed by Jeremy Bentham

• Allows a single watchman to observe all inmates of an institution without them being able to tell whether they are being watched or not
• the most effectiveway to control human behavior

Answer 32

Panopticon

Michael Foucault

Question 33

Under permanent threat of being observed by the tower’sguards, incarcerated prisoners automatically behave according to the prison’s rules andtimetables, thus exemplifying the effectiveness of the ______

Answer 33

Normalizing gaze

Question 34

involved the construction of an idealized norm of conduct – for example, the way a proper soldier ideally should stand, march, present arms, and so on, as defined in minute detail – and then rewarding or punishing individuals for conforming to or deviating from this ideal
- maximized social control

Answer 34

Normalization

Question 35

He noted that it wasn’t until this psychiatric condition was institutionalized that the normal had virtually no contact with the mad

Answer 35

Institutionalization

Michael Foucault

Question 36

psychological determinist

Answer 36

sigmund freud

Question 37

• anti-scientific position
• questioned the status of science itself, and the possibility of objectivity of any language of description or analysis
• did not think that there were definite fundamental structures that could explain the human condition
• thought that it was impossible to step outside of discourse and survey the situation objectively
• famous for his analysis and criticism of social patterns and institutions

Answer 37

Michael Foucault