Unit 4

Question 1

What is essential fat?

Answer 1

fat that is crucial to normal functioning

Question 2

What are appropriate levels of essential fat?

Answer 2

for men 3-5% of total weight, for women 8-12% of total weight

Question 3

What is adipose tissue?

Answer 3

non-essential fat

Question 4

What waist measurements increase risk of disease?

Answer 4

women >102 cm
men >88 cm

Question 5

What waist to hip ratio increase the risk of disease?

Answer 5

women > 0.85
men >1

Question 6

What problems does excess body fat cause?

Answer 6

poor lipid profile, impaired organ function, immune disorders, skin problems, sleeping problems

Question 7

What is metabolic syndrome?

Answer 7

the coexistence of visceral fat, impaired fasting glucose, reduced HDL, increased BP and triglyceride levels

Question 8

How many people have metabolic syndrome in Canada?

Answer 8

1 in 5 Canadians, 19% total (40% of people over 65 have it)

Question 9

What measurements can diagnose central obesity?

Answer 9

waist:
women > 94 cm
men > 80 cm

and two of:
triglyceride levels >1.8mmol/L
reduced HDL < 1.5 mmol/L
raised BP >130/>85
raised fasting glucose > 5.6mmol/L or type 2 diabetes

Question 10

What is an ideal waist to hip ratio?

Answer 10

women 0.81-0.85
men 0.96-1.0

Question 11

What is an ideal waist to height ratio?

Answer 11

women 0.53
men 0.55

Question 12

How do we calculate BMI?

Answer 12

kg/m^2

Question 13

How much more likely are obese people to develop diabetes?

Answer 13

4x as likely (85% of type 2 diagnoses are obese people)

Question 14

What is a key risk factor for diabetes?

Answer 14

excess body fat, especially in the abdomen

Question 15

What is pre-diabetes?

Answer 15

elevated blood glucose levels

Question 16

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 16

the pancreas produces little or no insulin (genetic or viral)

Question 17

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 17

the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, or cells are resistant to insulin, or both

Question 18

What is gestational diabetes?

Answer 18

diabetes that develops during pregnancy (usually resolved after birth)

Question 19

What is glucose allostasis?

Answer 19

less insulin produced by B cells in the pancreas

Question 20

How can we test for diabetes?

Answer 20

fasting glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test, random glucose test

Question 21

What is glycated HbA1c?

Answer 21

hemoglobin and glucose, indicator of blood sugar content in the body

Question 22

What are the levels of glycated HbA1c?

Answer 22

normal < 5.7%
pre-diabetes 5.7-6.4%
diabetes > 6.5%

Question 23

What is glycemic index?

Answer 23

a number from 0-100 given to a food based on the glucose content

Question 24

What is glycemic load?

Answer 24

a measure of the amount of carbohydrate in a portion of food together with how quickly it raises blood glucose levels

Question 25

What is the insulin index?

Answer 25

the insulin index of food represents how much it elevates the concentration of insulin in the blood during the two-hour period after the food is ingested

Question 26

How do smoking and diabetes affect vasculature?

Answer 26

high blood glucose and smoke chemicals damage blood vessels

Question 27

How does smoking affect blood glucose?

Answer 27

nicotine raises HbA1c by up to 34%, the higher the levels, the more likely a blockage will occur, smoking also affects insulin resistance

Question 28

How can we treat diabetes?

Answer 28

keeping blood sugar levels in safe range through diet, exercise, and medication, as well as weight loss