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AP World > Unit 4 (1450-1750) > Flashcards

Unit 4 (1450-1750) Flashcards

1
Q

Magnetic Compass

A

Innovation that improved direction (China)

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2
Q

Astrolabe

A

Tool used to determine longitude and latitude using the astrology (Greek and Arab)

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3
Q

Lateen Sail

A

Large triangular sails that allow for wind from either side (Arab)

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4
Q

Astrological Charts

A

Allowed mapping via the stars and constellations

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5
Q

Caravel

A

Portuguese boat that had improved steering and therefore allowed Portuguese sailers to get closer to the coasts

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6
Q

Carrack

A

Large 3-4 mast ship used in exploration, first by the Portuguese

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7
Q

Fluyt

A

Large dutch ship used originally for carrying large amounts of cargo

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8
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

Split the Iberian Peninsula between Spain and Portugal (proving their power in maritime trade)

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9
Q

What were Portugal’s motivations for exploration?

A

Technology, Economics, Religion

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10
Q

Henry the Navigator

A

Portuguese Price who set up a navigating school with the goal of increasing Portuguese power and spreading Christianity

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11
Q

Vasco De Gama

A

Portuguese explorer who travelled around the Cape of Good Hope to Calicut first

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12
Q

What were Spain’s motivations for exploration?

A

Political Rivalry, Envy, Desire for wealth, Need for alternative routes to Asia

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13
Q

Christopher Colombus

A

Discovered the Americas in an attempt to find another route to India, trip sponsored by Spanish King and Queen to spread Christianity

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14
Q

Colombian Exchange

A

Transfer of diseases, foods, plants, animals and ideas between the Old and New World

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15
Q

What diseases were transferred over the Colombian Exchange?

A
  • Malaria
  • Measles
  • Small Pox (slave ships)
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16
Q

Cash Cropping

A

Method of agriculture where food was grown to be exported

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17
Q

Impact of food exchange?

A

Diversified diets led to a healthier population which lead to population growth

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18
Q

Impact of Erosion?

A

Became a large agricultural issue and led to the introduction and increased use of sheep

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19
Q

Imperialism

A

Expanding a countries power through military power or diplomacy

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20
Q

Motives for imperialism?

A

Gold, God, Glory

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21
Q

Portuguese Imperialism tactics?

A

used guns and violence, they also made small trading posts in order to control commerce

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22
Q

Spain Imperialism tactics?

A

established full blown colonies

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23
Q

Dutch Imperialism tactics?

A

Similar to Portugal, used large ships and guns and violence

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24
Q

Continuity in trade?

A
  • Regions who had been using the trade networks before European arrival continued to use them
  • Mughal merchants continued to use Indian Ocean trade despite European goals to dominate, this increased the merchants power and wealth
25
Q

Continuity in the slave trade?

A
  • Slave trade between African nations and groups
  • Cultural assimilation
  • Domestic work (African female slaves became domestic servants)
  • Slaves held power and could hold military and political positions
26
Q

Change in the slave trade?

A
  • Agricultural work (increased demand for male slaves)
  • Larger scale trade (Trans-Atlantic)
  • Racial Prejudice (slavery associated with race)
27
Q

Mercantilism

A

State driven economic systems that sought to expand territory and maintain favorable trade balance (more exports and imports)

28
Q

Joint-stock Companies

A

Business funded by the state via a group of investors

29
Q

Impact of Joint-Stock Companies?

A
  • Incentivized supporting exploration
  • Allowed further expansion with new funds
  • more accumulation of bullion (gold, silver and other raw materials)
30
Q

Dutch East Indian Stock Company

A

1602: funded by the Dutch State and investors
- Granted company monopoly on Indian Ocean Trade

31
Q

Impact of Dutch East Indian Stock Company?

A

Dutch government expanded their power via the Indian Ocean

32
Q

Continuity in Trade Networks?

A
  • Regional Afroeurasian markets flourished and increased reach
  • Asian land routes remained in control of Asian powers
  • Peasant and artisan labor
33
Q

Change in Trade Networks?

A
  • Atlantic System increased the movement of goods
  • Demand for SUGAR
  • Demand for SILVER
  • Potosi and the Spanish coercive labor
  • Indigenous and enslaved Africans
34
Q

Potosi

A

Richest Silver mining site in Bolivia, wealthy and populated in Spanish America

35
Q

Social Impacts of Slave Trade?

A
  • Gender Imbalance
  • Changed family structure
  • Cultural Synthesis (Ex. Creole Languages)
36
Q

Fronde

A

Social Resistance. Series of French Civil wars to limit the King’s power (failed)

37
Q

Queen Ana Nzinga

A

Social Resistance. Restricted Portuguese taking over Kingdom of Kongo (success)

38
Q

Pueblo Revolt

A

Social Resistance. Indigenous people uprose against Spanish colonizers (success)

39
Q

Maroon Societies

A

Enslaved Resistance. Escaped slaves who set up communities and societies on the outskirts of slave societies

40
Q

Stono Rebellion

A

Enslaved resistance. Example of many uprisings in the British colonies. Resulted in the execution of rebels from their British colonizers.

41
Q

Chattel Slavery

A

Race based slavery that was used in America and in the New world by colonizers

42
Q

Indentured Servitude

A

A way for poor Europeans to migrate the Americas in return for an agreed period of labor on a plantation

43
Q

Ecomienda System

A

Serfdom in the Caribbean
- Ecomienda holders could tax workers

44
Q

Hacienda System

A

Large land that people were indebted to (Spanish tactic)

45
Q

Mita System

A

Subjects of the empire were required to serve labor on certain days

46
Q

Which systems were new labor systems?

A

Chattel Slavery, Indentured Servitude, Hacienda, System, Ecomienda System

47
Q

Mughal Tolerance of Diversity?

A

Very Tolerant.

48
Q

Jewish Tolerance in Ottoman Empire?

A

Pretty Tolerant.

49
Q

Qing repression of Han?

A

Less Tolerant.

50
Q

Jewish Tolerance in Spain and Portugal?

A

No Tolerance. (Explosion)

51
Q

Impact of Jewish Expulsion in Spain and Portugal?

A

Jews fled to the Ottoman Empire and Sephardic Judaism spread

52
Q

Casta Paintings

A

Spanish paintings that depicted a white Spanish man with a woman and child of color

53
Q

Impact of Casta Paintings?

A

Enforced Enlightenment Ideas about racial grouping people and white superiority

54
Q

Mestizos

A

European + Native

55
Q

Mullatoes

A

European + African

56
Q

Order of superiority in the Casta System? (Least to Greatest)

A

African Slaves, Native Americans, Mullatoes, Mestizos, Creoles, Peninsulares)

57
Q

Russian Boyors

A

Aristocratic land-owning class in Russia

58
Q

Ottoman Timars

A

Land grant by the sultan in return for compensation in services

AP World (9 decks)

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