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BIO 1050 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

genotype

A

All of the alleles on all of the chromosomes of one organism

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2
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance and function expressed by the genotype

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3
Q

dominant allele is _

A

capital

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4
Q

recessive allele is _

A

lower case

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5
Q

when a dominant allele is in the genotype then it will be expressed in the _

A

phenotype

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6
Q

homozygous

A

same alleles (AA or aa)

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7
Q

mendel studied…

A

pea plants

  • generation time is slow
  • reproduce quickly
  • 7 traits
  • 2 varieties: purple and white; green and yellow
  • self-bred
  • Sometimes got the same trait every generation
  • Purple flower plants were true breeding
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8
Q

true breeding is

A

homozygous

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9
Q

Which of the following represents a homozygous recessive trait?

A

bb

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10
Q

hybrid is

A

heterozygous

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11
Q

If P is for the purple flower trait, and p is for the white flower trait, which of the following would be white?

A

pp

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12
Q

What is the ratio of types of gametes of an individual that is PP?

A

100% P

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13
Q

What is the ratio of an individual that is Pp?

A

50% P, 50% p

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14
Q

What is the ratio of an individual that is pp?

A

100% p

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15
Q

heredity

A

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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16
Q

trait

A

A variant of a character

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17
Q

True-breeding parents are called the _ generation

A

P

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18
Q

the hybrid off spring is called the _ generation

A

F1

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19
Q

When F1 plants self-fertilize or fertilize each other their offspring are the _ generation

A

F2

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20
Q

alleles

A

alternative versions of a gene

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21
Q

law of segregation

A

A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited character bc allele pairs separate during the production of gametes

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22
Q

alleles of a gene reside at the same __ on homologous chromosomes

A

locus

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23
Q

Parental (P) generation

A

cross 2 diff true-breeding plants

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24
Q

first (F1) generation

A

self-cross progeny (offspring) to get F2 generation

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25
Q

second (F2) generation

A

F2 always abt a 3:1 ratio

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26
Q

complete dominance

A

dominant allele has the same phenotypic effect whether present in one or two copies

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27
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the phenotype of the offspring is intermediate between the phenotype of the two parents
ex: RR: red; Rr: pink; rr: white

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28
Q

multiple alleles

A

when there are more than 2 alleles for each gene

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29
Q

codominance

A

both alleles are expressed in heterozygous individuals

ex: blood that is type AB, with both the A and B alleles showing up together but distinct in the phenotype

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30
Q

pleiotropy

A

one gene influences multiple characters

Example: sickle-cell disease

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31
Q

pleiotropic traits

A

traits that are caused by one gene, but have multiple effects on many phenotypes

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32
Q

polygenic traits

A

one phenotype that is caused by multiple alleles

Ex: the genetic components of skin color and height

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33
Q

In non-Mendelian inheritance, the __ can affect phenotype in addition to genes. Skin color changing due to exposure to the sun is one example. Others are the effects of diet on height and weight.

A

environment

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34
Q

Darwin proposed a scientific mechanism for how life evolves, __

A

natural selection

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35
Q

adaptations

A

diverse modifications that fit ppl to specific ways of life in their environment

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36
Q

what was Darwin’s phrase for evolution?

A

descent with modification

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37
Q

fossils

A

imprints or remains of organisms that lives in the past

○ Document differences between past and present organisms and the fact that many species have become extinct

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38
Q

New layers of sediment cover older ones and compress then into layers of rock called __

A

strata

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39
Q

fossil record

A

chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata
○ Is incomplete

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40
Q

homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

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41
Q

homologous structures

A

features that often have diff functions but are structurally similar bc of common ancestry (same structure, diff function)

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42
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnants of features that served as important functions in the organism’s ancestors

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43
Q

evolutionary tree

A

a representation used to organize the information about most recent common ancestors from morphology or genetics

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44
Q

artificial selection

A

When humans breed organisms with specific traits to generate offspring with those traits, and not other heritable traits

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45
Q

Wet years, more small seeds =

A

more small beaks

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46
Q

Dry years, large seeds =

A

more large strong beaks

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47
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and can potentially interbreed

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48
Q

The __ frequency is the percent of an allele in a population divided by the total number of alleles for that gene in the population

A

allele

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49
Q

The __ frequency is the percent of individuals with a given phenotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population

A

phenotype

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50
Q

antibiotics

A

drugs that kill infectious microorganisms

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51
Q

when antibiotics are overprescribed and overused it can cause __ bacteria to evolve

A

antibiotic resistant

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52
Q

mendel performed __ crosses

A

monohybrid

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53
Q

fossils from _________ forms provide further evidence for evolution

A

transitional

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54
Q

similarities in form resulting from common ancestry, which are called _____, are further evidence for evolution

A

homologies

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55
Q

If u cross a homozygous dominant yellow-pea plant w a homozygous recessive green-pea plant in the P generation and self-cross the offspring in the F1 gen to generate the F2 gen, how many yellow peas would you expect out of 100 peas in the F2 generation?

A

75 yellow of 100

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56
Q

If u cross a homozygous dominant green-pod plant w a homozygous recessive yellow-pod plant in the P generation, and the offspring in the F1 generation to generate the F2 generation, which of the following results of pod color in the F2 generation is most consistent with ur expectations?

A

252 yellow of 1000 pods

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57
Q

If u perform a monohybrid true-breeding cross of mice with LDL receptors (HH) and no LDL receptors (hh) which show incomplete dominance. What genotypic ratio would u predict in the F2 generation?

A

1 HH: 2 Hh: 1 hh

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58
Q

fitness

A
  • More viable, fertile offspring

* More alleles in gene pool of next generation

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59
Q

evidence for evolution

A
  • Biogeography
  • Fossil record
  • Molecular bio
  • Homologies from comparative anatomy
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60
Q

changes in allele combination

A
  • Mutations - new alleles

* Sexual reproduction - new combinations

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61
Q

sexual reproduction- new combinations

A 
○ Independent alignments of chromosomes at metaphase 1
○ Crossing over prophase 1
○ Fertilization
○ Mutation rates are not constant 
○ Generation time makes a difference
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62
Q

allele frequency

A 
(% of an allele in a population)
# of that allele / total # of alleles for that gene
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63
Q

phenotype frequency

A 
(% of a phenotype in a population)
# with that phenotype / total # of individuals
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64
Q

If u have a population of 100 beetles with dark (D) dominant to light (d) color. 75% are homozygous recessive and 25% are homozygous dominant. What is the allele frequency? what is the phenotype frequency?

A

25% D allele; 25% dark beetles

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65
Q

if you have a population of 100 beetles that are all heterozygous for color, with dark dominant to light color, what is the phenotype frequency?

A

100% dark

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66
Q

If you have a population of 100 beetles that are all heterozygous for color, with dark dominant to light color, what is the allele frequency?

A

50% dark allele

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67
Q

If you have a population of 1000 beetles with dark dominant to light color. 50% are heterozygous and 50% are homozygous dominant. What is the allele frequency?

A

75% dark allele

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68
Q

If you have a population of 1000 beetles with dark dominant to light color. 50% are heterozygous and 50% are homozygous dominant. What is the phenotype frequency?

A

100% dark beetles

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69
Q

How are artificial selection and natural selection similar?

A

They both lead to changes in allele frequency in a population

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70
Q

Which of the following is NOT evidence for evolution?

A

Animals that learn behaviors from their parents

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71
Q

gene pool

A

all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population

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72
Q

a change in the gene pool is called __

A

microevolution

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73
Q

__ can affect the frequencies of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, but by itself usually doesn’t affect allele frequencies

A

nonrandom mating

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74
Q

3 main causes of evolutionary change

A

natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

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75
Q

genetic drift

A

chance events can cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next

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76
Q

The smaller the population, the more impact __ is likely to have

A

genetic drift

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77
Q

bottleneck effect

A

a drastic reduction in population size; caused by a random natural disaster

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78
Q

founder effect

A

when a few individuals colonize an island or other new habitat

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79
Q

gene flow

A

a population may gain or lose alleles when fertile individuals move into or out of a population or when gametes are transferred between populations

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80
Q

adaptive evolution

A

evolution that results in a better fit between organisms and their environment

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81
Q

only __ leads to adaptive evolution

A

natural selection

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82
Q

relative fitness

A

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals

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83
Q

speciation

A

the process by which one species splits into two or more species

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84
Q

microevolution

A

changes in the gene pool of a population from one generation to the next

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85
Q

biological species concept

A

the primary definition of species used in the book

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86
Q

species

A

a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

87
Q

fertile offspring

A

offspring that can reproduce

88
Q

reproductive isolation

A

the existence of barriers that stop members of 2 species from producing viable, fertile offspring with each other

89
Q

morphological species concept

A

for most organisms- sexual, asexual, fossils- classification based mainly on physical traits like shape, size, and other features of morphology

90
Q

advantages of the morphological species concept

A

it can be applied to asexual organisms and fossils and does not require info on possible interbreeding

91
Q

disadvantage of the morphological species concept

A

this approach relies on subjective criteria, and researchers may disagree on which features distinguish a species

92
Q

ecological species concept

A

identifies species in terms of their ecological niches; their role in the bio community

93
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and thus form one branch on the tree of life

94
Q

what are the prezygotic barriers?

A 
habitat isolation 
temporal isolation 
behavioral isolation 
mechanical isolation 
gametic isolation
95
Q

habitat isolation

A

live in the same area but not in the same kind of place/ lack of opportunities to encounter each other

96
Q

temporal isolation

A

breeding at different times or seasons

97
Q

behavioral isolation

A

failure to send or receive appropriate signals

98
Q

mechanical isolation

A

reproductive parts don’t fit together

99
Q

gametic isolation

A

receptors on eggs and sperm/ pollen and stigma do not match

100
Q

what are the post zygotic barriers

A

Reduced hybrid viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown

101
Q

Reduced hybrid viability

A

interaction of parental genes impairs the hybrid’s development or survival
-most hybrid offspring die early

102
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility

A

hybrids are vigorous but cannot produce viable offspring

-hybrid offspring live but are sterile

103
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

hybrids are viable and fertile, but their offspring are feeble or sterile

104
Q

niche

A

place in environment; functional place; needs of the ecosystem

105
Q

taxonomy

A

naming, classifying, and grouping species

-Linnaeus by physical characteristics

106
Q

LDL receptors

A

collect bad cholesterol in the body

107
Q

changes in allele frequencies

A 
• Random changes 
  ○  Mutations 
  ○ Genetic drift 
  ○ Gene flow 
• Nonrandom changes 
     ○ natural selection 
     ○ artificial selection
108
Q

Human change allele frequencies

A
  • agriculture

- genetic engineering

109
Q

agriculture

A
  • For abt 10,000 years
  • Cross-pollination of plants w desirable traits
  • Many crop plants are genetically modified using DNA tech today
  • Good way to understand the world and culture
110
Q

types of genetic engineering

A

○ Transgenic “pharm” animals
○ Gene therapy
○ Food supply
○ Unintended effects- environment and physiology

111
Q

what is a vector?

A

a way to carry novel genes into cells of another organism

112
Q

DNA technology in medicine

A

• Hormones (human growth hormone, insulin)
• Vaccines (antigens)
○ Big advantage
○ Don’t need to deal w/ viruses
○ Protein coat links w receptors on cells

113
Q

gene therapy

A
  • alter a person’s genes to supply a functional allele to treat disease
  • Retroviruses used for severe combined immune deficiency (2000), but caused leukemia
  • Now working on immunotherapy for cancers
114
Q

gene therapy issues

A
  • Dividing cells
  • Disrupt other genes by insertion
  • Single-gene diseases
  • Not too much or too little
  • Defects Ex dwarfism
  • Human biodiversity
  • Safe handling of dangerous genes (AIDS, retroviruses, etc)
  • Not good for polygenic
  • Too much insulin would kill patient
115
Q

Genetic Modification

A

• Genetically Modified Organisms have gene(s) introduced artificially
• Transgenic Organisms have one or more genes from another organism
○ Type of GMO, but more specific
○ Gene not originally in species in transferred into another organism

116
Q

Genetic Modification in Agriculture

A
  • Plasmids are naturally found in bacteria
  • Proteins that interact w DNA can read sequence
  • restriction enzymes
117
Q

GMO crop advantages

A
  • crop yields
  • pest resistance
  • salinity resistance
  • added nutrients
  • pharmaceuticals
  • innate potato
118
Q

GMO regulatory issues

A
  • Allergens
  • Spread of genes to other organisms
  • Biodiversity
  • Safety of products
  • Safety of procedures
  • Labeling
119
Q

rocks and clay

A

○ Water and oxygen from the roots
○ Cation exchange
○ Surrounded by potassium
○ Plant needs some minerals from the soil

120
Q

humus

A

topsoil that has some nutrients and other organisms; has the organic matter essential for plants bc it has fertilizer

121
Q

you plant a seedling in 3 pounds of dry dirt, water the dirt and let the plant grow. How much would the dirt weigh if the dry weight of the plant was 1 Ib after a year growing?

A

Less (close to 3 Ibs)

122
Q

what are the major macromolecules?

A
  • Carbs
  • Fats
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
123
Q

What elements are in proteins and nucleic acids other that C, H, and O?

A

nitrogen and phosphorus

124
Q

fertilizer

A

• NPK ratio:
○ Nitrate (N, NO3-) *proteins *nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids
○ Phosphate (P, PO43-)
○ Potassium (K, K+)

125
Q

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

A

organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means

126
Q

plasmids

A

small circular DNA molecules that are used in labs to move genes from one organism to another

127
Q

transgenic organism

A

○ a gene is transplanted from one organism into another, typically of another species
○ Gene for desirable trait is inserted into a modified version of the plasmid

128
Q

retroviruses

A

viruses that are made of RNA that is reverse transcribed into DNA that can incorporate into the chromosomes of humans or other organism

129
Q

cation exchange

A

a mechanism by which root hairs take up certain positively charged ions (cations)

130
Q

The carbon that ends up in glucose and other organic molecules in plants enters through

A

the leaves as the gas carbon dioxide

131
Q

The matter in cellulose comes from

A

carbon dioxide and water

132
Q

soil conservation and management

A
  • Water-conserving irrigation
  • Erosion control
  • Prudent use of herbicides and fertilizers
  • Fertilizers are expensive, environmental and monetary costs
133
Q

erosion

A

the blowing or washing away of soil

  • when the wind or water blows away the topsoil (humus)
  • should be prevented as much as possible
134
Q

soil conservation concerns

A
  • Overuse of groundwater *leads to sinkholes
  • Salinity due to irrigation
  • Soil erosion
135
Q

sustainable guidelines of organic farming

A
  1. Maintain biodiversity
  2. Maintain soil quality
  3. Not using GM plants
  4. Reduced use of chemical pesticides
  5. Reduced use of chemical fertilizers
  6. Not using antibiotics
136
Q

genetic modifications

A
  • Disease, pest resistance (prevent pesticides)
  • Herbicide resistance (prevents erosion; increase use of herbicides)
  • Higher yields (decrease farmland)
  • Less fertilizer (decrease dead zones)
137
Q

ecosystems

A

• All the organisms in a community and the abiotic factors in their environment
• 2 core principles:
1. Energy flow
2. Chemical cycling

138
Q

abiotic factors

A

not living organisms like rocks, water, sunlight, etc

139
Q

__ flows through an ecosystem and __ cycle within it

A

energy; chemicals

140
Q

primary producers

A
  • produce biomass

- undergo psyn

141
Q

open ocean has an avg net primary productivity of 100 g/m^2/yr and tropical rainforests produce 2,200 g/m^2/yr. Most of the Earth’s net primary production is generated by oceans. What is the explanation for this apparent paradox?

A

More of the Earth is covered by ocean than tropical forests

142
Q

deserts and semidesert scrub cover abt the same amount of SA as tropical rainforests but contribute less than 1% of the Earth’s net primary production, while rainforests contribute 22%. The difference is bc

A

the primary production of rainforest is greater than the primary production of deserts.

143
Q

__ of light energy is converted to chemical energy by psyn

A

1%

144
Q

__ of the energy is used for growth

A

10 to 15%

145
Q

what is the primary goal of organic farming?

A

achieve sustainable agriculture

146
Q

sustainable agriculture

A

a system embracing farming methods that are conservation-minded, environmentally safe, and can be practiced

147
Q

energy flow

A

the passage of e thru the components of the ecosystem and chemical cycling

148
Q

chemical cycling

A

the transfer of matter within the ecosystem

  • Pool of chemical elements on Earth
  • Biogeochemical cycling
  • biotic and abiotic factors
  • Abiotic reservoirs
  • Local and global cycles
  • Carbon, phosphorous, nitrogen
149
Q

There is a population of 1000 crickets. 500 of the crickets are heterozygous for leg length, and 500 are homozygous for short legs. Long legs are recessive. What is the phenotype frequency of long legs in this population of crickets?

A

0% none of the crickets have long legs

150
Q

Abt __% of energy is passed up to next trophic level

A

10%

151
Q

pyramid of production

A 
Tertiary 10 kcal
Secondary 100 kcal
Primary 1000 kcal
Producers 10,000 kcal 
1,000,000 kcal of sunlight
152
Q

All living things contribute __ back to the atmosphere

A

CO2

153
Q

e transfer limits the length of food chains of __ __

A

trophic levels

154
Q

carbon cycling

A
  • Major organic element
  • Fossil fuels
  • Atmosphere
  • Dissolved C compounds in ocean
  • Respiration and psyn balance
  • C in glucose to growth
  • Organic matter to CO2
  • wastes (urine, feces)
  • death (dead leaves, whole organisms)
  • Detritus processed by decomposers
155
Q

trophic structure

A

a pattern of feeding relationships consisting of several different levels

156
Q

The sequence of food transfers up the trophic levels is known as a __ ___

A

food chain

157
Q

producers

A

The trophic level that supports all others consists of autotrophs

158
Q

__ are the main producers on land and __ are the main producers in water

A

plants; phytoplankton

159
Q

consumers

A

All organisms in trophic levels above the producers; aka heterotrophs

160
Q

detritus

A

includes animal wastes, plant litter, and the bodies of dead organisms

161
Q

decomposers

A

mainly prokaryotes and fungi; secrete enzymes that digest molecules in organic material and convert them into organic forms

162
Q

decomposition

A

the breakdown of organic materials into inorganic ones

163
Q

carbon cycle

A

The flow of carbon from inorganic carbon dioxide to organic compounds and back to inorganic carbon dioxide
○ Glucose provides ATP
○ E released as heat
○ Glucose -> Growth -> biomass

164
Q

photosynthesis

A

e of sunlight is used to rearrange the atoms of CO2 and H2O, producing organic molecules and releasing O2

165
Q

cellular respiration

A

O2 is consumed as organic molecules and are broken down to CO2 and H2O, and the cell captures the e released in ATP

166
Q

psyn formula

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2

167
Q

cell resp formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water)

168
Q

The ___ of the oceans includes all open water, and the substrate-the seafloor- is known as the __

A

pelagic realm; benthic realm

169
Q

pelagic realm

A

all of the open water of the oceans

170
Q

benthic realm

A

the seafloor or the bottom of a lake or pond

171
Q

photic zone

A

depth of light penetration a max of 200m; the depth of water that is penetrated by light

172
Q

continental shelves

A

submerged parts of continents

173
Q

zooplankton

A

animals that drift in aquatic environments where light can penetrate; include fish, marine mammals and many other animals

174
Q

A __ is built up slowly buy successive generations of coral animals and by multicellular algae encrusted w calcium carbonate

A

reef

175
Q

Below the photic zone of the ocean lies the __

A

aphotic zone

176
Q

aphotic zone

A

the depths of a body of water that are too deep for light to penetrate enough to sustain photosynthesis, although there may be some light

177
Q

intertidal zone

A

ocean meets land; shore is pounded by waves during high tide and exposed to the sun and drying winds during low tide

178
Q

estuary

A

a biome that occurs where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean

179
Q

wetlands

A

a biome that is transitional between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial one

180
Q

__ ___ cover less than 1% of Earth’s surface and contain a mere 0.01% of its water

A

freshwater biomes

181
Q

we depend on __ ___ for drinking water, crop irrigation, sanitation and industry

A

freshwater biomes

182
Q

the minerals nitrogen and ___ usually limit the amount of phytoplankton growth in a lake or pond

A

phosphorus

183
Q

when there is a sudden increase or “bloom” of algae in a lake or pond the algae die and decompose. As the algae decompose the increased metabolism of decomposition and decrease in photosynthesis can decrease the ___ concentrations in the water, which can kill of the fish that need it.

A

oxygen

184
Q

eutrophication

A

primary production increases naturally over time thru this process

185
Q

There are ten people. Each has two phones. Each phone either has a battery or no battery. A person can make a call if they have at least one phone with a battery. People cannot share phones. You have a group of 10 people. Four people have 2 phones with batteries. Four people have 2 phones without batteries. Two people have one phone with a battery and one without a battery. How many people can make a call? What percent of the phones have batteries?

A

60% of the people; 50% of the phones

186
Q

There are ten frogs. Each has two alleles for skin color. Each allele is either Brown (B) or green (b). A frog has brown skin if it has at least one B allele. You have a group of 10 frogs. Four frogs are homozygous dominant. Four frogs are homozygous recessive. Two frogs are heterozygous. How many frogs have the brown phenotype? What is the allele frequency for the B allele?

A

60% of the frogs; 50% of the alleles are B

187
Q

Does the data from the graph in class support the hypothesis that changes in phosphorus load increased the Cladophora?

A

no

188
Q

What happened to the production of phytoplankton in lake michigan?

A

decreased

189
Q

If the clarity is increasing, the depth is gonna be __

A

greater

190
Q

Is the data consistent with the hypothesis that increased light in the lake could lead to the algal bloom?

A

Yes, but there could be a need for more data

191
Q

What factors in the environment would make one kind of algae increase, like Cladophora, while another like phytoplankton, decreases?

A

Invasive species, adding a toxin, taking away habitat, etc

192
Q

What happened to zebra mussel density from 1994 to 2010?

A

decreased

193
Q

What happened to quzgga mussel density from 2000 to 2010?

A

increased

194
Q

when humans travel they move other organisms with them. When these organisms colonize and thrive in a new location and displace the original organisms they are called ___. This can cause a decrease in biodiversity, or even extinction of native species

A

invasive species

195
Q

The temperature of the Earth is increasing because

A

carbon dioxide is being released from fossil fuels.

196
Q

Which of the following is NOT a concern for soil conservation?

A

e flow thru the ecosystem

197
Q

Consider the carbon cycle and the role of primary producers, primary and secondary consumers and decomposers. Which of these organisms cycle fixed carbon back into carbon dioxide?

A

producers, consumers, and decomposers

198
Q

Which of the following would support the hypothesis that phytoplankton block the light from getting to benthic algae?

A

When phytoplankton are eaten by fish there are more benthic algae in the lake

199
Q

Organic farming is most likely to result in

A

increased biodiversity compared to non-organic farming.

200
Q

Not including the abiotic factors in the environment, all of the individual organisms of one species that interact in a region are

A

a population

201
Q

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy through an ecosystem?

A

sunlight energy enters, is converted to chemical energy and is released as heat

202
Q

Not including the abiotic factors in the environment, all of the individual organisms of all species that interact in a region are

A

a community

203
Q

When humans add more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, the additional carbon dioxide changes the climate by

A

trapping heat on the Earth longer.

204
Q

Two elements that are part of nucleic acids are found in most fertilizers. These two elements are

A

P and N

205
Q

The major structural component of a plant is cellulose, which is a carbohydrate made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The carbon in the cellulose in plants is from

A

carbon dioxide fixed by photosynthesis

206
Q

Assume Mendelian traits are being considered in this question. Small size is a trait that allows insects to hide from predators, and large size makes it hard for them to hide. If a large population of these insects lives without predators for many generations, then predators move into the area, it is most likely that when predators move into the community

A

the small-size allele frequency and small-size phenotype frequency will increase.

207
Q

Imagine pond with a community of two types of algae. One population of algae in the community, called type A algae, tolerates pH levels from 6.5 to 7.6 and dies outside of this range. Another population in the community, called type B algae, tolerates pH levels from 7.0 to 7.9 and dies outside of that range. What would you expect to happen if the pH of the pond with this community of algae drops from 7.3 to 6.7?

A

Due to natural selection, the allele frequency of type A alleles in the community would increase.

208
Q

Imagine pond with a community of two types of algae. One population of algae in the community, called type A algae, tolerates pH levels from 7.0 to 7.9 and dies outside of this range. Another population in the community, called type B algae, tolerates pH levels from 6.5 to 7.7 and dies outside of that range. What would you expect to happen if the pH of the pond with this community of algae drops from 7.3 to 6.7?

A

Due to natural selection, the allele frequency of type A alleles in the community would decrease.

209
Q

Which of the following is an example of natural selection, which is the mechanism of evolution?

A

Insects with green alleles become more common over generations in an environment with many green leaves.

210
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of artificial selection? A farmer

A

increasing the salinity of his fields by irrigation, which results in weeds that are resistant to high-salt conditions

211
Q

If many characteristics are affected by one gene, the gene is

A

pleiotropic

212
Q

A monohybrid cross of two plants is when

A

the parental generation is two plants that are true-breeding for all seven characters, the same trait for six of them and different for one of them.

213
Q

If a characteristic is affected by many different genes, it is

A

polygenic

BIO 1050 (5 decks)

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