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a psych 3/4 > unit 4 aos1 > Flashcards

unit 4 aos1 Flashcards

1
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of something either internal or external to oneself, and of our sensations, mental experiences, and own existence

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2
Q

states of consciousness

A

a state of awareness with variations in level and associated with distinguishable psychological and physiological characteristics

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3
Q

normal waking consciousness (NWC)

A

state of consciousness associated with being awake and aware of objects and events in the external world, of one’s sensations, and mental experiences

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4
Q

altered state of consciousness (ASC)

A

any state of consciousness that is distinctly different from normal waking consciousness or any waking state in terms of levels of awareness and experience

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5
Q

naturally occurring

A

altered states of consciousness that are naturally occurring in the course of everyday activities without the need for aid
sleep, dreaming during sleep, daydreaming during wakefulness

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6
Q

induced

A

a temporary change in one’s normal mental state without being considered unconscious. intentionally brought on
alcohol, medically induced, hypnosis

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7
Q

example of induced and naturally occurring states being mutually inexclusive

A

sleep is both naturally occurring but can be induced by medication

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8
Q

sleep

A

a regularly occurring altered state of consciousness that typically occurs naturally and is primarily characterised by partial or total suspension of conscious awareness

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9
Q

psychological construct

A

a concept or explanatory model that describes specific psychological activity or a pattern of associated activities. based on scientific and measurable events or processes, or on behaviours/mental processes inferred from data but not observed directly

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10
Q

why is sleep a psychological construct

A

sleep cannot fully be directly observed
it is based on scientific empirical evidence

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11
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

a method of studying brain wave patterns by recording the electrical activity of the brain
DETECT
AMPLIFY
RECORD
ELECTRICAL IMPULSES

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12
Q

brain waves

A

spontaneous, rhythmic electrical impulses that come from different brain areas

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13
Q

beta waves

A

associated with alertness and intensive mental activity during normal waking consciousness
also in REM

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14
Q

alpha waves

A

awake and alert but mentally and physically relaxed and internally focused

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15
Q

theta waves

A

very drowsy state
when awake and engaged in creative activities

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16
Q

delta waves

A

associated with deep, dreamless sleep or unconsciousness

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17
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

a method of studying the electrical activities of muscles during sleep
DARE

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18
Q

electro-oculargraphy (EOG)

A

a method of measuring eye movements during sleep
DARE

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19
Q

sleep diary

A

a self report record of an individual’s sleep and waking time activities

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20
Q

biological rhythms

A

a naturally occurring cycle of psychological, physiological, or behavioural changes
circadian rhythm
ultradian rhythm

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21
Q

biological clock

A

innate timing that regulates one or more biological rhythms

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22
Q

link between biological rhythms and biological clocks

A

each biological rhythm is maintained and controlled by a biological clock
eg sleep is controlled by innate timing

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23
Q

examples of biological rhythms

A

core body temperature
blood pressure
blood sugar levels
hunger
sleep-wake cycle
menstruation

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24
Q

biological mechanisms that influence the sleep wake cycle

A

circadian rhythm
ultradian rhythm
melatonin
supra-chiasmatic nucleus

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25
Q

circadian rhythm

A

a biological rhythm involving physiological, psychological, or behavioural changes that occur as part of a 24 hour cycle

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26
Q

endogenous

A

originating within an organism (sleep-wake cycle)

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27
Q

exogenous

A

originating outside the organism (external time cues)

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28
Q

ultradian rhythm

A

a biological rhythm involving physiological, psychological, or behavioural changes that occur as part of a cycle shorter than 24 hours
heartbeat, respiration,

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29
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

an area of the brain’s hypothalamus that regulates the timing and activity of the sleep-wake cycle (and other biological rhythms)
its position enables it to respond to light and control melatonin production

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30
Q

roles of the SCN

A
  • The SCN receives info from the eyes about the amount of light, then sends neuronal messages to the nearby pineal gland to secrete more or less melatonin in the blood
  • SCN uses feedback on the amount of melatonin in the body to modify the output of melatonin and regulate the overall sleep-wake cycle
  • SCN also regulates body temperature and release of hormones like cortisol
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31
Q

melatonin

A

a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in relation to the amount of light detected
alertness and drowsiness

32
Q

NREM sleep

A

non rapid-eye movement sleep with three stages involving increasingly deeper sleep

33
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid-eye movement

34
Q

hypnogram

A

a sleep graph typically showing sleep stages in relation to time

35
Q

average time of each sleep cycle

A

90 minutes

36
Q

sleep onset

A

transition period from being awake to asleep

37
Q

sleep latency

A

amount of time it takes to transition from being awake to being asleep

38
Q

characteristics of NREM stage 1

A
  • light sleep
  • low arousal threshold
  • hypnic jerks
  • slow heart rate, breathing, muscle activity
  • slow, rolling eye movements
39
Q

characteristics of NREM stage 2

A
  • moderate sleep (gradually becomes deeper)
  • eye movements stop
  • continued slow heart rate, breathing, muscle activity
  • sleep spindles
  • moderate arousal threshold
40
Q

characteristics of NREM stage 3

A
  • deep sleep
  • high sleep threshold
  • no eye movements
  • heart rate, breathing, muscle activity are at their lowest
  • delta waves are predominant
41
Q

characteristics of REM

A
  • rapid, jerky, coordinated eye movements
  • brain waves similar to wakefulness
  • fast heart rate
  • high blood pressure
  • sleep looks relaxed
  • occasional twitches, no skeletal muscle movements
  • variable arousal threshold (N2 ,N3)
42
Q

changes in sleep with age

A
  • infants have a sleep onset in REM
  • time spent sleeping decreases with age
  • REM decreases with age
  • NREM decreases with age
  • NREM3 reduces in adulthood
  • infants experience cyclical sleep at 3 months
  • first REM period is skipped for 2-5 y/os
  • adolescents have more irregular sleep
  • adults have more fragmented sleep
  • slower sleep onset in adults
43
Q

sleep deprivation

A

inadequate quantity or quality of sleep

44
Q

partial sleep deprivation

A

involves having less sleep (quantity or quality) than whats normally required
may occur periodically over the short-term or long-term

45
Q

total sleep deprivation

A

not having any sleep at all over a short or long time period

46
Q

sleep debt

A

the accumulated amount of sleep loss due to insufficient sleep
sleep debt does not continue to grow to an amount that must be entirely repaid

47
Q

effect of sleep deprivation on affective functioning

A
  • irritation
  • short temper
  • impaired emotional regulation and reactivity
  • amplified emotional responses
  • impaired recognition of facial emotions
48
Q

effect of sleep deprivation on behavioural functioning

A
  • sleep inertia
  • grogginess
  • slow reaction time
  • fatigue
  • difficulty maintaining concentration
  • blank expression
  • nodding head
49
Q

effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive functioning

A
  • reduced alertness
  • reduced cognitive functioning
  • reduced sustained attention
  • inability to divide attention
  • more mistakes in simple tasks compared to complex tasks
  • inability to think clearly
  • difficulty problem solving
  • impaired learning and memory
50
Q

link between BAC and sleep deprivation

A

17 hours of wakefulness = BAC of 0.05
24 hours of wakefulness = BAC of 0.10

51
Q

BAC

A

a measure of alcohol in the blood expressed as grams of alcohol/100 mL of blood

52
Q

cognitive effects of BAC and sleep deprivation

A

reduced hand eye coordination
lack of concentration

53
Q

affective effects of BAC and sleep deprivation

A

negative mood
mood then affects concentration and cognitive performance

54
Q

circadian rhythm sleep disorders

A

a sleep disorder involving sleep disturbance thats primarily due to a mismatch between an individual’s sleep-wake pattern and a desired sleep-wake pattern

55
Q

delayed sleep phase syndrome

A

a condition where the major sleep episode is delayed in relation to the desired sleep time or whats considered a conventional time

56
Q

advanced sleep phase disorder

A

a circadian rhythm disorder where there is a shift of the major sleep episode to an earlier time compared to the desired or conventional time
results in early sleep onset and awakening

57
Q

shift work disorder

A

a circadian rhythm disorder due to work shifts being regularly scheduled during the usual sleep period
work shifts overlap with sleep periods

58
Q

bright light therapy

A

a technique for treating circadian rhythm disorders that uses timed exposure of the eyes to the light with the aim of shifting an individual’s sleep wake cycle to a desired, more appropriate, or conventional schedule

59
Q

variables for bright light therapy

A

Generally, the three important variables are to use the light at the right time of day at the right intensity for the right amount of time.

60
Q

zeitgebers

A

environmental time cues

61
Q

sleep hygiene

A

practices that tend to improve and maintain good sleep and full daytime alertness

62
Q

sleep hygiene

A

practices that tend to improve and maintain good sleep and full daytime alertness

63
Q

entrainment

A

process of adjusting or resetting a biological rhythm to align with external cues or an environmental cycle

64
Q

three features of light usage

A
  • intensity
  • when we’re exposed to it
  • how long we’re exposed to it for
65
Q

what age group is advanced sleep phase syndrome most common in

A

adolescents

66
Q

hypnic jerks

A

muscle twitches in NREM1

67
Q

arousal threshold

A

how easily we can be woken up, where the higher the threshold the harder it is to wake up

68
Q

sleep spindles

A

brief bursts of electrical activity in NREM2

69
Q

sleep inertia

A

temporary disorientation after waking up in NREM3

70
Q

characteristics of NREM1

A
  • low level of bodily arousal
  • decrease in heart rate, breathing, body temperature, muscle tension, slow eye movements
  • hypnic jerks
  • low arousal threshold
71
Q

characteristics of NREM2

A
  • continued slow heart rate, breathing, and muscle activity
  • body temp continues to fall
  • no eye movements
  • low arousal threshold but higher than NREM1
72
Q

characteristics of NREM3

A
  • heart rate and breathing are at their lowest, muscles barely move, no eye movements, delta waves
  • sleep inertia
  • highest arousal threshold
73
Q

symptoms of DSPS

A
  • sleep onset insomnia
  • difficulty awakening
  • excessive sleepiness
74
Q

symptoms of ASPD

A
  • early sleep onset
  • evening sleepiness
  • awakening earlier than the desired time
75
Q

symptoms of shift work disorder

A
  • insomnia
  • excessive sleepiness
76
Q

symptoms of REM

A
  • spontaneous bursts of rapid eye movement
  • beta wave patterns, fast heart rate, blood pressure rises, breathing is shallower, occasional twitches
  • paradoxical sleep
  • muscle tone is at it lowest
  • arousal threshold is variable, but closest to NREM 2/3

a psych 3/4 (5 decks)

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