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Ap Biology > Unit 4 test-The cell cycle > Flashcards

Unit 4 test-The cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the centromere in a replicated Chromsome?

A

The “thin waist”, connects the sister chromatid in the center, contains specific DNA sequences

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2
Q

What is Chromatid or sister chromatid?

A

The sister Chromatid connect in the middle by centromere, each sister chromatid is one half of the chromosome as a whole

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3
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

the building material inside chromatid, composed of DNA, Proteins, and genes

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4
Q

What is composed of a cemtromere and two sister chromatid?

A

A duplicated Chromosome

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5
Q

What is mitosis role in asexual cell divison?(reproduction)

A

Mitosis ensures the transfer of a complete genome from a parent cell to two genetically identical daughter cells

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6
Q

Does Mitosis aid in tissue repair?

A

Yes, since mitosis generates new cells that are genetically identical to each other it helps repair tissues and growth

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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of interphase?

A

G0, G1,S, G2

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8
Q

Interphase alternates w the mitotic phase, what are the two parts of the mitotic phase?

A

Mitosis and Cytokinseis

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9
Q

Interphase takes up 90% of the cell cycle, what happens in G1?

A

cell grows and carries out normal functions

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10
Q

What happens in S part of interphase?

A

duplication of chromosmes (DNA replication)

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11
Q

What happens in G2 of interphase?

A

prepares for cell divison

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12
Q

What happens in the G0 phase of interphase?

A

the resting phase, the cell is not dividing or preparing to divide, during this time the cell is performin maintence and other functions

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13
Q

Prokaryotes:

A

typically singe, circular chromosome, with plasmids

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14
Q

Eukaryotes:

A

more than one linear chromosome

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15
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

body cells (any cells besides sex cell), diploid, divide by mitosis

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16
Q

What are Gamates?

A

Sex cells, haploid, divide my meosis

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17
Q

Run down of G2 in interphase:

A

Nuclear envelope encloses nucleus, chromosomes have duplicated, 2 centrosomes form (duplicate)

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18
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

The assembly of spindle microtubules starts at centrosome, which is a subcellular region that contains material to organize the cells microtubules

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19
Q

Run down of prophase:

A

Nucleoli dissappear, duplicated chromosome appear as sister chromatid (chromsomes become visible), centrosomes move away from each other and form early mitotic spindles

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20
Q

Run down of prometaphase:

A

Nuclear envelope fragments, each chromsatid has kinetochore

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21
Q

run down of metaphase:

A

Centrosomes move to opposite poles of cell, sister chromatid line up at metaphase plate, each chromosome is attached to a spindle which is attached to the centrosome

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22
Q

Run down of Anaphase:

A

the shortest phase, sister chromatids part and each chromatid becomes a chromosome, new chromosomes move tword opposite ends of the cell, by end each cell has a complete set of chromosomes

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23
Q

Run down of telophase to cytokinesis:

A

nucleoli reappear, any spindle microtubule is diminished, divison of one nucleus into two is done, cleavage furrow appears

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24
Q

Cytokinesis in animal cells? Cytokinesis in plant cells?

A

Cleavage furrow; Cell plate forms

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25
Q

What are the 3 major check points in cell cycle regulation?

A

G1, G2,M

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26
Q

What happens at the G1 checkpoint?

A

It is controlled by cell size, growth factors, and enviromenemnt. If the checkpoint says “go” cell will complete cycle. If checkpoint says “stop” the cells enter the nondividing state (G0)

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27
Q

What is a cell cycle regulation checkpoint?

A

It is a control point where stop and go signals regulate the cell cycle

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28
Q

What happens at the G2 checkpoint?

A

Controlled by if the DNA replication is complete or not, DNA mutations, and cell size

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29
Q

What happens at the M checkpoint?

A

Check to see if the spindle fibers are attached to chromsomes at kinetochores. Without full chromosome attachment, stop signal is received

30
Q

What are kinases?

A

an internal regulartory molecule, it is an enzyme that controls cell cycle, active when connected to cyclin

31
Q

What are cyclins?

A

Protiens that attach to kinases to activate them, levels fluctuate in cell cycle

32
Q

What are CDKs?

A

Cyclin-dependent kinase

33
Q

What is an MPF? What does it do?

A

A maturation-promoting factor; It is a specific Cyclin-CDK complex that allows cells to pass G2 and go to M phase

34
Q

What are external regulatory factors?

A

Cell to cell contact (protein binding), growth factors

35
Q

Cancer cells:

A

Grow beyond a single layer, NOT dependent on a surface (anchorage), NOT inhibited by density

36
Q

What is a Growth factor?

A

An external regulatory factor; they are protiens released by other cells to stimulate cell divison. (PDGF,VEGF)

37
Q

What is anchorage dependence?

A

An external regulatory factor; cells must be attached to another cell or ECM to divide

38
Q

What is density-dependent inhibiton?

A

An external regulatory factor; crowded cells normally stop dividing, cell-surface protein binds to ajoining cell to inhibit growth

39
Q

Cancer cells lose what 2 things?

A

Anchorage dependency and density-dependence regulation

40
Q

A genetic mutation that can cause cancer is called “ras gene” what does it do to cause cancer?

A

Codes for RAS protein, if mutated uncontrolled cell division

41
Q

Transformation is…

A

the process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell

42
Q

What is a tumor?

A

a mass of abnormal cells

43
Q

What is a Benign tumor?

A

a lump of cells, but it remains at its original site

44
Q

What is a Malignant tumor?

A

invasive; impares functions of organs

45
Q

What is Metastasis?

A

Cell separates from tumor; travels to other parts of the body, bad

46
Q

What are some reasons a cell might release a ligand and begin communication between cells?

A

Hormone signals, neurotransmitters, bacteria cells or viruses

47
Q

Define autocrine signaling

A

signaling within itself, ligand fits into receptor

48
Q

Define Juxacrine signaling

A

Involves direct contact of adjacent cells (right beside, cells are touching)

49
Q

Define paracrine singnaling

A

Nearby, cells are in close proximity, but not touching

50
Q

Define endocrine signaling

A

Goes from different parts of an organism, Ligand goes down a path, ligands need the longest life for endocrine

51
Q

Receptor Ligand equilibrium (aka reception )

A

Ligand binds receptor protien (R-groups of receptor interact with Ligand), Receptor changes shape, sends signal into cell, Ligand disengages. Reception may also occur from ligands traveling thru the cell membrane by diffusion!

52
Q

Transduction

A

Cascades: of molecular interactions relay singals from receptors to target molecules;Protien Kinase: enyzme that phosphorylates and activates proteins

53
Q

What are the two types of receptors?

A

Plasma membrane receptors (water soluble ligands); intracellular receptors (cytoplasm/nucleus) hydrophobic or small ligands can pass thru membrane (ex.testosterone)

54
Q

What is a phosphorylation cascade? What stage doese it happen in?

A

Cascades enhance and amplify singal in transduction

55
Q

The phosphorylation cascade produces the:

A

Cellular response, regulates protien synthesis; (ex. enzymes or genes turned on and off)

56
Q

Amplficication:

A

1 ligand activates many kinases

57
Q

What are secondary messengers in signal transduction pathway?

A

small, non-protien molecules/ions that can relay signals inside the cell

58
Q

Examples of secondary messengers:

A

cAMP, calcium ions (Ca2+)

59
Q

Example of secondary messengers cycle:

A

G protien coupled receptor activates G protein, G protien produces GTP which activates adenylyl cyclase, then adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, cAMP will then activate other signaling proteins

60
Q

Response:

A

regulate activity of protiens in cytoplasm, regulate protein synthesis by turing genes in nucleus on and off (gene expression)

61
Q

Example of cell response in cytoplasm:

A

Steroid hormones pass thru plasma membrane, binds to receptor in cytoplasm, hormone repector complex then actives hormone

62
Q

is epinephrine inhibiton or amplification? Explain the process

A

Amplification, epinephrine makes adrenaline rise by phosphorytaion cascade

63
Q

Signal transduction pathways can cause inhibitions or activation; what are some cytoplasmic enzymes involved in it?

A

glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorolyase

64
Q

signal transduction pathways also cause:

A

gene expression (transcription of DNA) and apoptosis

65
Q

What happens in apoptosis?

A

cell is dismanteled and digested, triggered by signals that active a cascade of suicide proteins (proteases)

66
Q

Why is apoptosis normal and needed in animals and adult humans?

A

it helps develop animals stuctures (ex. a mouses paw); and in humans it gets rid of damaged cells (like a white blood cell)

67
Q

Problems with the signal transduction pathway can cause:

A

cancer, diabetes, chlorea, auto amune diseases

68
Q

what do feedback mechanisms do?

A

provide regulation of cell communication and signaling pathways. (should genes be activated “turned on” or inactivated “turned off”)

69
Q

Positive feedback:

A

Stimulus—single is sent—-response—stimulus is increased

70
Q

example of postivie feedback:

A

Human skin is cut, the cells near the damaged area send out a signal that activates plateltets, platelets begin to form a plug so and attrack more platelets untill the bleeding is stopped

71
Q

example of negative feedback:

A

When a person hasn’t taken in a sufficent amount of water they get dehydrated, this may cause a lose of blood pressure which will trigger the release of the hormone ADH, the signals the kidney to allow reabsorbtion of water by blood vessels to bring the blood pressure back to normal

Ap Biology (3 decks)

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