Unit 5 (Midterms)

Question 1

• Vertical data (elevation, height) are the distinguishing characteristic of ___

Answer 1

Topographic maps

Question 2

• Topographic maps show the configuration or shape and roughness of the ground; this roughness is commonly referred to as ___

Answer 2

relief

Question 3

• involve all procedures, equipment and methods necessary to capture both horizontal and vertical data of points on the ground so strategically chosen to depict the terrain

Answer 3

Topographic maps

Question 4

Modern topographic maps represent points that have identical elevations with lines called ___

Answer 4

contours

Question 5

• These are idealized depiction from a side or oblique view

Answer 5

Sugar loaves

Question 6

• The only form of topography on early maps (pre-1700) due to lack of detailed surveying

Answer 6

Sugar loaves

Question 7

• Gives location of mountains/hills but not precise size

Answer 7

Sugar loaves

Question 8

• use lines of varying width and length to depict slope steepness, drawn in direction of the slope. Initially unsurveyed and little better than sugar loafs

Answer 8

Hachures

Question 9

the first form known giving general location of mountain ranges are referred to as ___

Answer 9

hairy caterpillars

Question 10

• In modern maps, ___ are not often used except when the scale of the map is too small to permit contouring

Answer 10

hachures

Question 11

• If properly drawn, they convey a good concept of the terrain, but their value is largely pictorial

Answer 11

hachures

Question 12

• They were systematized in 1799 by Major Lehmann, an Austrian military officer, where line width became directly proportional to steepness. It hence became quite commensurable, but not very imageable: blank on top and in valleys, and shortly after a North-West light source was introduced to enhance imageability. This was the main type of relief depiction through the 19th century

Answer 12

hachures

Question 13

• After accurately surveyed heights became available through the 20th century, ___ gave way to contours, but they are still used for very steep slopes such as cliffs, quarries and railway cuts, where contour lines would merge.

Answer 13

hachures

Question 14

Disadvantages:
– Lack of absolute information
– Difficulty in distinguishing the direction of the slope
– Time-consuming to produce
– Obscures other information
– Not very effective except in mountainous terrain
Advantage
– They may show minor but important details otherwise lost on a contour map within the contour intervals

Answer 14

Hachures

Question 15

came initially from the need to know exact depths in water, and were generated from a series of depths or soundings. The first ___ in the late 1900’s were on navigation charts as ‘isobaths’ (since hachuring was not suitable for an unseen landscape).

Answer 15

Contours

Question 16

is essentially an isarithm or an isopleth: a line drawn on a map through all points having the same numerical value, as of a population figure or geographic measurement

Answer 16

Contours

Question 17

– ___ (the distance between contour lines) is determined by terrain and map scale

Answer 17

Contour interval

Question 18

– ___ are symbolized as wider lines and usually every 5th contour

Answer 18

Index contours

Question 19

– ___ are approximate elevations (not accurately surveyed)

Answer 19

Form lines

Question 20

– ___ (enclosing lower land) are drawn with small tick marks inside.

Answer 20

Depression contours

Question 21

– A contour line must ___ split or divide.

Answer 21

never

Question 22

– A contour line must ___ simply end except at the edge of the map.

Answer 22

never

Question 23

– A contour line must represent only ___ elevation.

Answer 23

one

Question 24

– A contour line may ___ intersect other contour lines. ___ are the only exception.

Answer 24

never; Overhanging cliffs

Question 25

– Contour lines from a ___ crossing stream always points upstream.

Answer 25

V-pattern

Question 26

– Closely spaced contour lines represent a ___, widely spaced lines indicate a ___.

Answer 26

steep slope; gentle slope

Question 27

– Concentric circles of contour lines indicate a ___.

Answer 27

hilltop or mountain peak

Question 28

– Concentric circles of hachured contour lines indicate a ___.

Answer 28

closed depression

Question 29

Advantages
– it is the most commensurable (quantitative) method
– it is the origin for many (most?) newer depiction techniques, and it is now familiar to many users.
Disadvantages
– it is an abstract method (there are no counterpart to lines on ground); poorly suited to small scales
– less imageable but depending on: contour interval, map scale, landscape type, and users’ experience.
– These disadvantages were recognized early on and led to other methods being developed.

Answer 29

Contours

Question 30

• The addition of colour to elevation levels, first tried as early as 1830. Color schemes require graduation, logical sequence, realistic colors, with the darkest still able to bear readable text.

Answer 30

Hypsometric tints

Question 31

Advantages
– adds imageability, mostly at small scale; easily applied and understood
Disadvantages
– exaggerated terrace effect, no new real ‘information’ is added,
– differential contrast between tints and other elements, dubious color associations, (green with forest, etc.)
– which color scheme?.. chroma of the same hue, or spectrum range - green -> yellow -> red

Answer 31

Hypsometric tints

Question 32

• This involves the addition of shadows to give the illusion of depth, assuming a theoretical NorthWest light source (at 45 degrees elevation). It was introduced in the 1900’s but became more widespread after 1960, with improved printing technology and user needs. It has become much more common with automation.

Answer 32

Shaded relief (hill shading)

Question 33

Advantages
– highly imageable, continuous in appearance (as in reality), can show greater detail and character of landscape suitable over a variety of scales and as a general background for a variety of map types
Disadvantages
– Manually required artistic creation with pencil or air brush; It was costly and often poorly rendered, when done manually. It creates a variable background with some slopes very dark

Answer 33

Shaded relief (hill shading)

Question 34

• This technique of applying a northwest light source to a contoured landscape was first tried in 1850 but printing methods then could not handle gray backgrounds (to be able to highlight illuminated lines).

Answer 34

Tanaka (relief) contours

Question 35

• It was pioneered from the 1950s by Kitiro Tanaka who produced some exquisite examples using the theory of application of shading principles to contouring.

Answer 35

Tanaka (relief) contours

Question 36

Advantage:
– the most imageable portrayal of landscape (3D), often used for ski hills and panoramas
Disadvantages
– the most time-consuming to produce with no consistent linear scale, (before computers)

Answer 36

Block (perspective) diagrams

Question 37

Types of contours (5)

Answer 37

1. Index contours
2. Intermediate contours
3. Supplemental contours
4. Depression contours
5. Approximate contours

Question 38

• Shown as heavy lines, usually twice the gauge of the standard contours

Answer 38

Index contours

Question 39

• Normally shown every fifth (5th) contour; carry the number or elevation designation

Answer 39

Index contours

Question 40

• Lines of lighter weight between index contours; usually not labeled, except when the terrain is relatively flat; conform to the contour interval of the map

Answer 40

Intermediate contours

Question 41

• In parts of the map where intermediate contours are closely spaced as to nearly unite or merge into a single line, it is customary not to portray the lines for short distances for readability (the technique is called ___)

Answer 41

feathering

Question 42

• Used when the terrain is so flat and the intermediate contours are too far apart; drawn as dashed lines or lines of dots; usually drawn at one-half the specified contour interval of the map

Answer 42

Supplemental contours

Question 43

• Used to show low spots around which contours close; index or intermediate contours are used to which ticks drawn perpendicular to the contour lines on the downhill side

Answer 43

Depression contours

Question 44

• Used when contours cannot be drawn accurately possibly due inaccessibility of the area; based on the educated guess of the maker of the map

Answer 44

Approximate contours

Question 45

constant vertical distance between two adjacent contour lines; is interrelated with the map scale

Answer 45

contour interval

Question 46

___ intervals are appropriate for areas with light slopes and with small features such as hills

Answer 46

• Small

Question 47

___ intervals are used for areas with steep slopes

Answer 47

• Large

Question 48

the smaller the scale the ___ the contour interval

Answer 48

larger

Question 49

• All points on any one contour have ___ elevation

Answer 49

the same

Question 50

• A contour which closes within the limits of the map indicates either a ___

Answer 50

summit or depression

Question 51

• Contours on the ground cannot cross one another except where an ___ is represented on the map.

Answer 51

overhanging cliff, a vertical ledge or wall

Question 52

• Contours are evenly spaced on a ___

Answer 52

uniform slope

Question 53

• Contours are straight and parallel to each other on a ___.

Answer 53

plane surface

Question 54

• Irregular contours signify ___ terrain

Answer 54

rough, rugged

Question 55

• The horizontal distance between adjacent contours indicates the ___ of the slope of the ground; the closer the contours, the ___ the slope

Answer 55

steepness; steeper

Question 56

• Contours cross curbs and a crowned sloping street in typical ___

Answer 56

U-shaped curves

Question 57

• Contours cross streams in a ___ pointing upward

Answer 57

V pattern

Question 58

• Are made to determine the locations of natural, and cultural features on the earth’s surface, and to define the configuration of that surface

Answer 58

Mapping surveys

Question 59

• On the maps include vegetation, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.

Answer 59

Natural features

Question 60

• The most common method of representing the topography of an area
• An imaginary level line that connects points of equal elevation

Answer 60

Contour lines

Question 61

• The ration of the length of an object or feature on a map to the true length of the object or feature

Answer 61

Map scale

Question 62

• A line connecting points of equal elevations
• Cannot be seen in nature
• On maps, represent the planimetric locations of the traces of level surfaces for different elevations

Answer 62

Contours

Question 63

• The elevation difference between adjacent contours
• Depends on a map’s purpose and scale

Answer 63

Contour interval

Question 64

• (rule) sharp-pointed V usually are in stream valleys, with the drainage channel passing through the point of the V, with the V pointing upstream

Answer 64

The rule of Vs:

Question 65

• (rule) closed loops are normally uphill on the inside and downhill on the outside, and the innermost loop is the highest area

Answer 65

The rule of Os:

Question 66

• Usually every fifth contour line is shown in a heavy wider line

Answer 66

Index line

Question 67

The contour lines are physically followed on the ground using a total station

Answer 67

Direct method

Question 68

No attempt is made to follow the contour lines

Answer 68

Indirect method