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APES > Unit 6 - Land and Water Use > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Land and Water Use Flashcards

1
Q

Open-access renewable

A

Renewable resources that can be used by almost everyone

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2
Q

Examples of open-access renewable resources

A
  • atmosphere
  • open ocean
  • fishes
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3
Q

Examples of shared resources

A
  • grasslands
  • forests
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4
Q

Why does degradation of a shared or open-access resource occur?

A

Cumulative effect of many people trying to exploit a shared resource, degrading and eventually exhausting/ruining it

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5
Q

How to deal with Tragedy of the Commons

A
  • use at a rate well below its estimated sustainable yield (use less/regulating)
  • convert shared renewable resources to private ownership (not practical for open-access resources —> more likely to protect your own investments)
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6
Q

Commons

A

An area used by everyone but regulated by no one
*public not private
* must be a renewable resource

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7
Q

Examples of Commons

A
  • rangelands
  • air
  • forests
  • fishing areas
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8
Q

Sustainable use of the commons

A
  • hunting/fishing licenses
  • land use permits
  • country quotas (pollution, fish harvest)
  • selective cutting of trees
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9
Q

Ecological and ecosystem services of FORESTS

A
  • habitat
  • aids in soil formation + soil retention
  • moderates local climate
  • serves as a food source
  • removes air/water pollutants
  • increases albedo of Earth
  • serves role in matter cycling (water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus)
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10
Q

Economic benefits of FORESTS

A
  • grazing for livestock
  • agriculture land for shade-tolerant plants
  • ecotourism + aesthetic related use
  • impact on nearby real estate values
  • source of agriculture products
  • source of potential medicine
  • source of land for other uses (mining, residency)
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11
Q

Impacts of Clearcutting on TERRESTRIAL ecosystems

A
  • more soil erosion w/o protection of trees
  • decreased albedo (warmer soil, more evaporation)
  • mudslides/landslides
  • more runoff, less groundwater recharging
  • more CO2 in atmosphere
  • animal that live in the heart of the forest can emerge to interact with humans and spread new diseases (zoonotic)
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12
Q

Zoonotic

A

Spreading new diseases (humans —> animal)

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13
Q

Impact on AQUATIC environments

A
  • more runoff (picks up soil, nutrients, pollution)
  • turbidity
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14
Q

Turbidity

A

Amount of suspended solids in the water

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15
Q

Increase in turbidity

A
  • decrease in aquatic primary productivity
  • decrease in albedo
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16
Q

Increase in water temperature

A
  • decreased in dissolved oxygen (DO) levels
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17
Q

Increase in nutrient load

A
  • eutrophication (8.5)
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18
Q

Sustainable Yield

A

Harvest the maximum amount of possible while leaving enough trees of various ages that the forest can still provide ecosystem services

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19
Q

Selective cutting

A

The practice of harvesting “select” trees leaving an un-even aged stand w/multiple age classes

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20
Q

Alternatives to trees

A
  • composite wood
  • particle board from straw
  • bamboo
  • hemp fiber
  • palm leaves
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21
Q

Educated Consumer Choices

A
  • Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
  • wood came from a well-managed forest w/lower-impact logging method
  • reuse + recycle
  • go to second-hand store
  • recycled/reclaimed wood
  • refinish a piece of furniture
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22
Q

Reforestation

A

(Non-profit organizations)
- the Nature Conservancy - Plant a Billion Trees: locates areas in the US and works with/govt, landowners + other stakeholders to restore native forests
- Tree Farms

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23
Q

Tree Farms

A

Works w/landowners + give them the tools to be effective stewards of our nations forests

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24
Q

Debt for nature

A

Landowners enter into a conservation contract to restrict development of land for a period of time (10-100 years) in exchange to loan forgiveness

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25
Q

Commercial Fishing Techniques: Long-line

A
  • any depth
  • up to 28 miles long
    P: v efficient
    C: can lead to overfishing, no target species can be caught
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26
Q

Commercial Fishing Techniques: Drift net/gill net

A
  • miles and miles long net
  • pulled along behind ships
    P: v efficient
    C: leads to overfishing, bycatch
27
Q

Commercial Fishing Techniques: Purse Seine

A
  • net w/2 drawstrings
  • entire school of fish can be captured
    P: efficient
    C: overfishing, by-catch
28
Q

Commercial Fishing Techniques: Trawling

A
  • net damaged through the water along the bottom
  • cuts down any ecosystem an button of the ocean
    P: efficient
    C: overfishing, by-catch
29
Q

Sonar

A
  • work by emitting pulses of sound + measuring the return strength
  • anything diff density than water returns sound
  • indicates where to set net
  • interferes w/navigational system of marine species
    Ex: whales + dolphins
30
Q

Bycatch

A
  • no target species caught in nets/fishing lines
  • NOT returned to the ocean
  • processed or disposed of
31
Q

How to make fishing more sustainable

A
  • catch limits based on MSY
  • limit age/size of fish caught
  • modify technique to reduce by catch
  • laws/treaties that protect critical species
32
Q

Effects of modifying fishing techniques

A
  • prevents bycatch
  • TED: turtle exclusion device
33
Q

Effects of implementing laws + treaties

A

Great White shark protected by CITES

34
Q

Effects of consumer pressure

A

If consumers only purchase ish harvest sustainably, commercial fishing operation will shift toward more sustainable methods

35
Q

Aquaculture

A

Farming of aquatic organisms
- breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish, shellfish, plants, algae, and other organisms in all types of water environments
- growers build aquatic ecosystems by stocking the organisms, feeding them and protecting them from disease + predators

36
Q

Why is aquaculture seen as an environmental solution?

A
  • wild fish harvests have been largely flat/decreasing worldwide since 1990s
  • middle class expands in developing nations, the demand for quality protein sources is increasing
  • acreage + water consumption
37
Q

Downside of Aquaculture

A
  • waste from organisms can pollute waterways w/excess nitrogen (algae blooms + hypoxia conditions)
  • uneaten food pellets from pens can pollute waterways
  • farmed organisms may escape from pens + interbred/compete w/wild organisms (lowers biodiversity)
  • high density of organisms in pens means infectious disease + parasite can spread more easily
  • controlled by antibiotics
  • medication residue contaminates waterways
  • disease in farmed organisms can spread to wild poopulations
38
Q

Metals

A

Mined from ores

39
Q

Ore

A

A mineral/group of minerals from which we extract minerals

40
Q

Mining operations at forced to access __ ores

A

Lower grade

41
Q

Strip Mining

A
  • extracting mineral deposits that lie in large horizontal lines close to the earth’s surface
  • removes vegetation + soil
  • acid minerals drainage (sulfide mineras in newly exposed rock surfaces react with/oxygen + rainwater to produce sulfuric acid)
42
Q

Subsurface Mining

A
  • underground shaft are built to remove deep deposits of minerals
  • zinc, lead, diamonds, and many more
  • deepest are 2.5 mil deep
  • most dangerous (humans)
  • acid mine drainage
43
Q

Open Pit mining

A
  • machines dig very large holes and remove ore
  • copper, iron, gold, diamonds
  • habitat loss, acid mine drainage
44
Q

Mountaintop mining

A
  • several hundred vertical feet of mountain top are removed
  • primarily used for coal in Eastern US
  • forests clear-cut
  • waste rock put back BUT usually fall into valley
45
Q

Processing of the ore

A

After ores are mined, rock is crushed and pulverized + desired metals are isolated by chemical/physical means

46
Q

Smelting

A

Heating an ore beyond its melting point and combining it with other metals/chemicals
- used in steel processing
- iron + carbon

47
Q

Environmental Impacts of TAILINGS

A
  • portions of ore left over after metals have been extracted
  • may leach heavy metals present in ore waste (arsenic cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury)
  • may leach chemicals used in processes
    Ex: cyanide from gold mining
  • held in surface impoundments w/walls to prevent leaks
48
Q

Factors that determine “how long minerals will last”

A
  • new extraction techniques
  • new technologies change what minerals are needed
  • changing consumption patterns
  • recycling (only 10% of cell phones are recycled)
49
Q

Urbanization

A

Shift away from a lifestyle that is rural based on with agricultural jobs to non agricultural hobs in high population density
- not about the side (cities can be small)

50
Q

Benefits of URBANIZATION

A

Mass transit
- lower amount of FF use per person
- efficient use of space (subway)
Everything is nearby, walkable
- people are more active (healthier)
Mixed use development
- resoidental
- restaurants
- shops
Minimize land impact

51
Q

Drawbacks of urbanization - WATER CYCLE

A

Water diversion projects
- altering the flow of water will impact organisms from the environment
Upstream (behind dam)
- flooding issues
- sediments an organic matter will stay behind the dam rather than flowing down stream
Downstream (follow the river)
- amount of sediment + water decorated downstream will change

52
Q

Impermeable Surfaces

A
  • less recharging of groundwater
  • increases runoff (picks up soil, pollution, solid waste and deliver it to rivers + lakes)
53
Q

Overpumping

A

Removing more water than can be recharged (infiltrated)

54
Q

Ogallala

A
  • the Ogallala is being withdrawn 4 times faster than it is replenished
  • supplies 1/3 of all the groundwater in the US
55
Q

Aral Sea Disaster

A
  • Rault of irrigation withdrawals
  • 85% of wetlands have been eliminated
  • half the local bird and mammal species have disappeared
56
Q

Desalination

A

Process of removing dissolved salts from ocean water
Countries: Middle East, North Africa, the Caribbean Sea + Mediterranean Sea

57
Q

Methods of desalination

A

Distillation + reverse osmosis

58
Q

3 major problems of desalination

A
  • expensive
  • requires large amounts of energy
  • produces high amount of salty wastewater that must go somewhere
59
Q

Grey water

A

Used water from bathtubs, sinks, dishwashers, and clothes washers

60
Q

How can grey water be used?

A

To flush toilets, wash cars, and irrigate lawns

61
Q

Urban sprawl

A

Movements from urban areas to low-density areas just outside of urban areas (suburbs)
- more FF use as there is more driving
- less exercise due to less walking to get to places
- more runoff from more impermeable surfaces
- urban sprawls have lower albedo —. Absorb more of sun’s radiation

62
Q

Remediate “Brownfields”

A

Site of old industry/gas stations
- clean up hazardous waste
- tear out concrete
- add vegetation

63
Q

Urban planning

A

Grown up instead of out

APES (6 decks)

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