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Public Health > UNIT 8 - CHAPTER 15 > Flashcards

UNIT 8 - CHAPTER 15 Flashcards

1
Q

all that which us external to the individual host. Can be divided into physical, biological, social, and cultural factors, any or all of which can influence health status in populations.

A

Environment

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2
Q

the condition of being sound in body, mind, or spirit

A

health

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3
Q

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

A

health

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4
Q

Trouble or a condition of the living animal or plant body or one of its parts that impaira the performance of a vital function.

A

disease

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5
Q

Free from harm or risk; zero risk

A

Safe

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6
Q

secure form threat of danger, harm , or loss

A

safe

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7
Q

possibility of loss or injury, peril

A

Risk

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8
Q

The chance of loss; the degree of probablity of such loss

A

Risk

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9
Q

The study of those factors in the environment that affect human health

A

Environmental Health Sciences

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10
Q

it is a controbutors to the environment such as air pollutant, toxic wastes, pesticides, VOCs

A

Chemical

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11
Q

it is a controbutors to the environment such as disease organisa present in food and water, and insect and animal allergens.

A

Biologic

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12
Q

it is a controbutors to the environment such as noise, ionizing and non-inozing radiation

A

Physical

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13
Q

it is a controbutors to the environment such as access to safe and sufficient health care

A

Socioeonomic

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14
Q

It comprises those aspects of human health , including quality if life , that are determined by physical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the environment.

A

Environmental health

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15
Q

It is also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling, and preventing those factors in the environment that can be potentially affect adversely the health of present and future generations.

A

Environmental Health

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16
Q

Associations between exposure to environment agents and subsequent development of disease

A

Environmental Epidemiology

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17
Q

Casual mechanism between exposure and subsequent development of disease

A

Environmental toxicology

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18
Q

factors that govern and reduce disease development

A

preventive medicine

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19
Q

development of appropriate legislation to protect publich health

A

Law

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20
Q

Worst nuclear- power- -plant disasteer in history

A

Chernobyl Power plant in ukraine

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21
Q

When was yhe chernobyl power plant disastee happened?

A

April 26, 1986

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22
Q

when was the accident in union carbide perticide ppang in bhopal india happened?

A

December 2, 1984 (midnight)

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23
Q

What is the name of chemical escaping from the facility of Bhopal pesticide plant accident?

A

Methyl Isocyanate

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24
Q

As the 1991 persian gulf war ended, Hussein sent men to blow up kuwaiti oil well

A

Kuwaiti Oil Fires

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25
Q

On 1978, It sit atop 21,00 tons of toxic industrial waste that had been buried underground inbthe 1940s and ’50s by a local company.

A

Love Canal

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26
Q

Its tanker ran aground on bligh reef in the pristine waters of alaska’s prince Wiliam sound. About 10.8 million gal of oil behan to spew forth into cold waters

A

Exxon Valdez

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27
Q

Considered to be the largest man-made environmenral disaster in U.S history, the gulf of Mexico spill may eventually surpass it in severity.

A

The exxon Valdez

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28
Q

Japan’s worst nuclear accident happened in a facility northeast of tokyo . two enees up dying and hunders were exposed to various lebels of radiation

A

Tokaimura Nuclear Plant

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29
Q

when was the tokaimura nuclear plant accident happened?

A

September 30,1999

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30
Q

Was once the fourth largest lake in earth as big as Ireland.

A

Aral

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31
Q

April 2010, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon traveled to central Asia, where he laid eyes upon a “graveyard of ships”- rusting fishing trawlers and other vessels stranded in a dessert that stretched for mile in all directions.

A

Aral sea

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32
Q

An explosion at a northern italian chemical plant released a thick, white cloud of dioxin that quickly settled on the town of Seveso, north of Milan

A

Seveso Dioxin Cloud

33
Q

a town located on kyushu (Japan’s most southwesterly islnd, had observed ofd behavior among animals, particularly household cats.

A

Minamata Disease

34
Q

Felines would suddenky convulse and sometimes leap into the sea to their deaths- townspeople reffered tonthe behavior as “cat dancing disease”

A

Minamata Disease

35
Q

It symptoms included convulsions , slurred speech, loss of motor functions and incontrollable limb movements.

A

Minamata Disease

36
Q

It was the cause of minamata disease

A

Methy Mercury poisoning

37
Q

Become known as one of america’s Worst nuclear accidents but no one died

A

three mile island nuclear

38
Q

What are the routes for exposure

A

Gaseous, liquid and solid media

39
Q

Air enters into the

A

lungs

40
Q

Soil enters into the body by

A

GI tract and skin

41
Q

Food enters in the body through

A

GI Tract

42
Q

Water enters in to the body through the

A

GI tract and skin

43
Q

chemical, biological, ang physical

A

Agents

44
Q

water, oil, soil, and food

A

Vectors

45
Q

Inhalation, ingestion, absoprtion

A

Routes of Entry

46
Q

Quantitation of the time course of toxicants in the body during the provessws of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion or clearance of toxicants.

A

Toxicokinetics

47
Q

It refers to the molecular, biochemical, and physiological effects of toxicants it their metabolites in biological systems.

A

Toxicodynamics

48
Q

The results of theae processes is a bilogically effective dose of the toxicant

A

Toxicokinetics

49
Q

These effects are result of the interaction of biogically effective dose of the ultimate (active) form of the toxicsnt wit a molecular target.

A

Toxicodynamics

50
Q

Agent of Legionnaires’s disease

A

L. Pneumophila

51
Q

Agent of Acute diarrhea

A

Salmonella

52
Q

Agent of cholacne, soft tissue tumors

A

dioxin

53
Q

Agent of nervous system tox.

A

Pesticides

54
Q

Asbestosis , lung cancer

A

Asbestos

55
Q

Its source, cooling towers and its pathway are air, building ventillation system.

A

Legionnaire’s diseas

56
Q

Its source is human or animal feces and its pathway water, meat , eggs

A

Acute diarrhea

57
Q

Its source are herbicides, paper mills, incinerators and its pathway air, water, food.

A

Cholacne , soft tissue tumors

58
Q

Its source is agriculture and its pathways are food and water.

A

Nervous system tox

59
Q

Its sources are insulation, auto brakes and its pathway are air and water

A

Asbestosis, luncg cancer

60
Q

What are the three adverse health effects ?

A
  • Acute Vs . delayed onset
  • Clinical vs. subclinical manifestations
  • Transient (reversible) vs. chronic (irreversible)
61
Q

Two health effetcts

A
  • Adverse (negative)

* Beneficial ( positive)

62
Q

Severity of Adverse Health Effects

A 
Acite reversible (functional) effects
Sub-clinical chronic alternations 
Clinical Nuisance Effects
Manifest  Dysfunction
Significant disease
Death
63
Q

What are the Vulnerable Groups

A
  • Low socioeconomic status
  • Women
  • Children
  • Elderly
  • Ethnic Minorities
  • Disabled
  • Indigenous People
64
Q

The Six Steps of problem-solving Paradigm

A

Risk Assessament

  1. Define the problem
  2. Measure its magnitude
  3. Understand Key determinants

Risk Management

  1. Develop intervention/prevention strategies
  2. set policy/ priorities
  3. Implement and evaluate
65
Q

The determination of the probability that an adverse effect will human exposure and its pure science activities

A

Risk Assessment

66
Q

The four determination of the probability in risk assessment

A
  1. Hazard Identification
  2. Exposure Assessment
  3. Dose- Response assessment
  4. Risk Characterization
67
Q

The process of weighing policy alternatives and selecting the most appropriate regulatory actions based on the results of risk assessment and social , economic and political conerns

A

Selecting Interventions

68
Q

The closer we get to the goal of zero emissions of a polllutant, the more costly it becomes to eliminate eavh unit of pollution

A

The cost of cleanup

69
Q

True or False

First Control method is isually most effective and easiest to implement, and produces the largest benefit at the lowest cost

A

True

70
Q

True or False

Continued progress requires using more and more expensive methods that remove smaller amounts of pollutants

A

True

71
Q

An economic Theory that describes how at a certain point, increasing labor does not yield an equally increasing amount of productivity.

A

The Law of Diminishing Returns

72
Q

Was developed by a number of economists in the 19th century l. Original thought on this theory economic theory was mostly discussed in terms of farming, fertilizer, and the productions of crops.

A

The Law of diminishing Returns

73
Q

Human needs and wants drive choices that produce environmental impacts which, in turn, may result in adverse health consequences

A

Societal Determinants

74
Q

Factors influencing environmental health problems and solutions

A
  • Objective (technical/specific)

* Subjective (Non-scientific)

75
Q

6 Technical/ Scientific (Objective) Factors

A
  • Source of agents
  • Measurement of environmental Change
  • Toxicological Process
  • Biological Susceptibility
  • Engineering Approaches
  • Human needs
76
Q

6 Non-scientific (Subjective) Factors

A
  • Human wants
  • Religious Belief
  • Political System
  • economic system
  • Societal Values
  • Population Dichotomies
77
Q

Basic requirement for a healthy Environment

A
  • Clean Air
  • Safe and Suffiecient Water
  • Safe and adequate food
  • Safe and peaceful settlements
  • Stable Global Environment
78
Q

Three models on Kmproving Human Health and Environment

A
  • Clinical Intervention Model
  • Public Health Intervention Model
  • Environmental Stewardship Model

Public Health (4 decks)

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