Unit 8 Reconstruction & Unit 1 Gilded Age

Question 1

pacific railroad act (1862)

Answer 1

1862 - called for building of the transcontinental railroad across america, connecting california and rest of america

Question 2

homestead act (1862)

Answer 2

law that allowed congress to grand 160 acres of public land to a western settler who had to live on the land for 5 years to establish title

Question 3

laissez-faire

Answer 3

theory that opposes government interference in the market/economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property

Question 4

tariffs

Answer 4

taxes on imported goods. were set high during gilded age

Question 5

gilded age

Answer 5

1865-1900. coined by mark twain. america emerges as industrial power, profit/power centralizes in the hands of just a few people

Question 6

social darwinism

Answer 6

“survival of the fittest” in politics and economics. used by wealthy to justify economic status. william graham sumner was leading American supporter of the theory

Question 7

horizontal integration (trusts)

Answer 7

monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. rockefeller

Question 8

vertical integration

Answer 8

typical mass production approach where company controls all phases of complex production process

Question 9

tenements

Answer 9

poorly built and overcrowded housing where immigrants lived

Question 10

new immigration

Answer 10

after 1890, immigrants from south and east europe. alarmed many americans and caused resurgence of nativism

Question 11

old immigration

Answer 11

before 1890, people came from northern and western europe to settle in north america

Question 12

chinese exclusion act

Answer 12

1882 law barred chinese laborers from entering US

Question 13

liberty of contract

Answer 13

judicial concept of late 19th and early 20th centuries where courts overturned laws regulating labor conditions as violations of the economic freedom of employers and employees

Question 14

homestead strike (1892)

Answer 14

labor dispute at a carnegie steel mill that ended with the PA governor sending in state militia to end the strike

Question 15

pullman strike (1894)

Answer 15

railroad strike. started when the pullman palace car company cut wages while maintaining high rents. led by eugene v debs and the american railway union. fed courts issued injunctions against strikers. strike ended when prez cleveland called in fed troops.

Question 16

populist party

Answer 16

us political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers favoring free coinage of silver, govt control of railroads and monopolies

Question 17

1896 elections

Answer 17

bryan lost to mckinley w silver issue dominating campaign. populists disappeared, gop became party representing wealthy/corps, realignment occurrred

Question 18

13th amendment

Answer 18

1865 constitutional amendment to abolish slavery

Question 19

johnson’s plan

Answer 19

amnesty for those taking oath of loyalty to union, required states to abolish slavery. easy going on the south…easy for those states to be readmitted to union

Question 20

black codes

Answer 20

laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves, passed by southern states after civil war. displaced by 14th amendment

Question 21

radical republicans

Answer 21

group in republican party that wanted equal civil+political rights for blacks during reconstruction

Question 22

14th amendment

Answer 22

1868 constitutional amendment, defined citizenship and guaranteed citizens equal protection under the law

Question 23

15th amendment

Answer 23

1870 constitutional amendment that prohibits states from discriminating voting based on race

Question 24

republican state govts

Answer 24

built roads hospitals schools raised taxes. disliked by southerners called them black republican govts

Question 25

military reconstruction act

Answer 25

1867, divided the south into 5 districts and placed them under military rule, required south to ratify 14th amend, guaranteed freedmen right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions

Question 26

kkk

Answer 26

ku klux klan started after civil war 1866. reign of terror in the south, wanted people to stop supporting republican and return to democratic party rule

Question 27

panic of 1873

Answer 27

4 year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, caused foucs of fed govt to shirft from racial issues in south to econ issues

Question 28

redeemers

Answer 28

post civil war democratic leaders who supposedly saved south from yankee domination and preserved rural community

Question 29

liberal republicans

Answer 29

faction of republicans that wnated to be less harsh on the south durign reconstruction. supported horace greely in 1872 election

Question 30

1876 election

Answer 30

disputed results, 3 southern states were in doubt. if Hayes (Republican) won all three, he would be president…if Tilden (Democrat) won one, he would be president. Congress formed a commission to examine the election results.

Question 31

compromise of 1877

Answer 31

ended reconstruction. republicans kept presidency in return for withdrawing troops from south and officially ending reconstruction

Question 32

jim crow

Answer 32

laws to enforce segregation in south, developed slowly after reconstruction, mainly started in the 1890s

Question 33

plessy v ferguson

Answer 33

1896 supreme court decision legalized state ordered segregation as long as facilities for blacks and whites were equal