Unit 9

Question 1

An electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on or in a muscle

Answer 1

Electromyogram (EMG)

Question 2

An electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around them; detects eye movements

Answer 2

Electro-oculogram (EOG)

Question 3

Smooth electrical activity of 8-12 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of relaxation

Answer 3

Alpha activity

Question 4

Irregular electrical activity of 13-30 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of arousal

Answer 4

Beta activity

Question 5

EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep

Answer 5

Theta activity

Question 6

Non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized EEG activity during its deeper stages

Answer 6

Slow-wave sleep

Question 7

Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep

Answer 7

Delta activity

Question 8

A period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur; also called paradoxical sleep

Answer 8

REM sleep

Question 9

A fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia

Answer 9

Fatal familial insomnia

Question 10

The increased frequency or intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppressed; for example, the increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep deprivation

Answer 10

Rebound phenomenon

Question 11

A neuromodulator that is released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity; may play a primary role in the initiation of sleep

Answer 11

Adenosine

Question 12

A dark colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle; involved in arousal and vigilance

Answer 12

Locus coeruleus

Question 13

A group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated long the midline; contain serotonergic neurons

Answer 13

Raphe nuclei

Question 14

A nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, just rostral to the mammillary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal

Answer 14

Tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)

Question 15

A peptide, also known as hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located int he hypothalamus; their destruction causes narcolepsy

Answer 15

Orexin

Question 16

A group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep

Answer 16

Ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPO A)

Question 17

A region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to the locus coeruleus, that forms the REM-ON portion of the REM sleep flip-flop

Answer 17

Sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD)

Question 18

A region of the dorsal midbrain that forms the REM-OFF portion of the REM sleep flip-flop

Answer 18

Ventrolateral periaqueductal grey matter (vlPAG)

Question 19

Cessation of breathing while sleeping

Answer 19

Sleep apnea

Question 20

A sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations

Answer 20

Narcolepsy

Question 21

A symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed

Answer 21

Sleep attack

Question 22

A symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking

Answer 22

Cataplexy

Question 23

A symptom of narcolepsy; what is occurring just before a person falls asleep

Answer 23

Sleep paralysis

Question 24

A symptom of narcolepsy; vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep; accompanied by sleep paralysis

Answer 24

Hypnagogic hallucination

Question 25

A neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams

Answer 25

REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 26

A disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without a memory for the episode the next day

Answer 26

Sleep-related eating disorder

Question 27

A daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process

Answer 27

Circadian rhythm

Question 28

A stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms

Answer 28

Zeitgeber

Question 29

A nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the body’s circadian rhythms

Answer 29

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 30

A photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei

Answer 30

Melanopsin

Question 31

A four-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene (per2) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN

Answer 31

Advanced sleep phase syndrome

Question 32

A four-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, possible caused by a mutation of a gene (per3) involved in the rhythmicity of the neurons of the SCN

Answer 32

Delayed sleep phase syndrome

Question 33

A gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms

Answer 33

Pineal gland

Question 34

A hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms

Answer 34

Melatonin