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Science Unit D & Unit A > Unit A Science (chem) > Flashcards

Unit A Science (chem) Flashcards

1
Q

monosaturated fat

A

a fat molecule that includes fatty acids having only one double bond

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2
Q

polyunsaturated fat

A

a fat molecule that includes fatty acids having more than one double bond

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3
Q

essential fatty acid

A

a fatty acid that the body cannot synthesize itself and must obtain from food

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4
Q

fatty acid

A

an organic molecule consisting of a long chain of carbons with a COOH group at one end and a methyl group at the other end

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5
Q

saturated hydrocarbon

A

a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

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6
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

a hydrocarbon containing double or triple covalent bonds between carbon atoms

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7
Q

complete structural diagram

A

a diagram of a molecule that uses a short line to show the bonds that exist due to the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms ( H-C-H )

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8
Q

condensed structural diagram

A

a diagram of a molecule that uses a short line to show carbon-carbon bonds but uses the chemical formula for carbon-hydrogen bonds ( CH3-CH2-CH3 )

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9
Q

alkane

A

a hydrocarbon that contains only carbon-carbon single bonds: CnH2n+2

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10
Q

hydrocarbon

A

an organic molecule containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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11
Q

alkene

A

a hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon double bond: CnH2n

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12
Q

alkyne

A

a hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond: CnH2n-2

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13
Q

hydrogenation

A

a reaction that converts carbon-carbon double and triple bonds in unsaturated compounds into carbon-carbon single bonds of saturated compounds

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14
Q

petroleum

A

liquid hydrocarbons formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient microscopic marine organisms

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15
Q

refining

A

an industrial process that separates, purifies, and alters raw materials

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16
Q

fractional distillation

A

a process used for the separation of a liquid mixture by vaporizing it and collecting the different components of the mixture as they cool and condense at their appropriate boiling points

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17
Q

cracking

A

a reaction in which hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller molecules by means of heat (thermal cracking) or catalysts (catalytic cracking)

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18
Q

petrochemical

A

a chemical made from petroleum

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19
Q

combustion

A

a rapid reaction with oxygen that produces energy and oxides

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20
Q

electrolytic cell

A

a chemical system in which non-spontaneous oxidation and reduction reactions are made to occur by the application of electrical energy

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21
Q

electroplating

A

the process of depositing a metal at the cathode of an electrolytic cell

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22
Q

electrolysis

A

the decomposition of a substance by means of an electric current

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23
Q

cell notation

A

a concise description of a voltaic cell

{ Zn(s) | Zn2+ (aq) || Cu2+ (aq) | Cu(s) }

the double lines || represent the salt bridge, while the single line represents a boundary between a metal and its ion (Zn/Zn2+)

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24
Q

anode

A

the electrode in a cell where the oxidation half-reaction occurs

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25
Q

cathode

A

the electrode in a cell where the reduction half-reaction occurs

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26
Q

electrode

A

a solid electrical conductor in a cell that connects a cell to an external circuit

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27
Q

voltaic cell

A

a device that spontaneously produces electricity by redox reactions

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28
Q

reducing agent

A

a substance that makes the reduction process possible by losing electrons

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29
Q

oxidizing agent

A

a substance that makes the oxidation process possible by gaining electrons

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30
Q

spontaneous reaction

A

a chemical reaction that occurs without the addition of external energy

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31
Q

non-spontaneous reaction

A

a chemical reaction that does not occur without the addition of external energy

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32
Q

activity series

A

a list of substances in order of reactivity with one another

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33
Q

the more stable a metal atom is …

A

the more reactive it is as an ion

34
Q

the more stable a metal ion is …

A

the more reactive it is as a metal

35
Q

corrosion

A

the oxidation of a metal

36
Q

redox reaction

A

reduction-oxidation reaction

37
Q

single replacement reaction

A

a reaction in which an element reacts with a compound to produce a new element and a new compound

38
Q

spectator

A

an atom or polyatomic ion that does not change in a chemical reaction

39
Q

reduction

A

a chemical process involving a gain of electrons

{negative ions} {neutral atoms} {positive ions}
– 0 +
«—————————————————————-

40
Q

oxidation

A

a chemical process involving the loss of electrons

{negative ions} {neutral atoms} {positive ions}
– 0 +
——————————————————————-»

41
Q

mole ratio

A

the ratio of the coefficients in a balanced chemical reaction

42
Q

mole

A

a specific amount of a substance that consists of 6.022 x 10^23 particles

43
Q

molar concentration (molarity)

A

the amount of solute, in moles, per litre of solution

44
Q

molar mass

A

the mass of 1 mol of a substance

45
Q

ppm concentration

A

unit of concentration used for very dilute solutions

46
Q

percent by volume concentration

A

is commonly used for liquids dissolved in liquids, often used for consumer products like drinks and cleaners

47
Q

standard solution

A

a solution having a precisely known concentration

48
Q

dissociation

A

where an ionic compound separates into individual ions in a solution

49
Q

qualitative properties of a solution

A

a basic characteristic of a solution that you can observe with one or more of the five senses

  • colour
  • colour intensity
  • odour
  • taste
  • transparency
50
Q

concentration

A

the ratio of the quantity of solute to the quantity of solution

51
Q

concentrated solution

A

a solution containing a high ratio of solute to solution

52
Q

dilute solution

A

a solution containing a low ratio of solute to solution

53
Q

electrolyte

A

a solute that forms a solution that conducts electricity

54
Q

non-electrolyte

A

a solute in a solution that does not conduct an electric current

55
Q

polar molecule

A

a molecule with a partial positive charge at one end a partial negative charge at the other end

56
Q

solution

A

a homogenous mixture of dissolved substances that contain a solute and a solvent

57
Q

aqueous solution

A

a solution in which water is the solvent

58
Q

solute

A

a substance in a solution whose bonds are broken by a solvent; a substance that dissolves

59
Q

solvent

A

a substance in a greater solution that breaks down the bonds of a solute; a substance that does the dissolving and is in greater proportion in the mixture

60
Q

chemical change

A

a change in which one or more new substances with different properties is formed

61
Q

exothermic change

A

a chemical change in which energy, usually in the form of heat, is released into the surroundings

62
Q

endothermic change

A

a chemical change in which energy is absorbed from the surroundings

63
Q

molecular compound

A

a pure substance formed from non-metals

64
Q

covalent bond

A

a bond formed by the simultaneous attraction of two nuclei for a shared pair of electrons

65
Q

molecule

A

a particle containing a fixed number of covalently bonded, non-metal atoms

66
Q

ionic compound

A

a pure substance formed from a metal and a non-metal

67
Q

ionic bond

A

a bond formed by the simultaneous attraction between positive and negative ions

68
Q

compound

A

a pure substance formed from atoms of two or more elements with the different atoms joined in fixed ratios

69
Q

metal

A

malleable, ductile element with lustre. good heat and electrical conductivity, tends to form positive ions

70
Q

non-metal

A

element that is not flexible, does not conduct electricity and tends to form negative ions

71
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion

72
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ion

73
Q

ion

A

electrically charged atom or group of atoms

74
Q

valence shell/electron

A

the valence shell refers to the very outer energy level of an atom which holds the valence electrons

75
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

76
Q

atomic mass

A

the average mass of the atoms of an element including all isotopes

77
Q

mass number

A

the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

78
Q

proton

A

a positively charged particle located in a nucleus of an atom

79
Q

neutron

A

a neutral particle located in the nucleus of an atom

80
Q

electron

A

a negatively charged particle located in the region surrounding the nucleus of an atom

Science Unit D & Unit A (3 decks)

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