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Science Unit D & Unit A > Unit D Science (bio) > Flashcards

Unit D Science (bio) Flashcards

1
Q

theory of natural selection

A

a theory stating that evolution takes place because more organisms are produced than can survive, and that only the organisms best suited to their environment survive to reproduce and, in turn, pass on their advantageous traits to their offspring

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2
Q

theory of evolution

A

a theory stating that the nature of a population gradually changes form over time

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3
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the production of identical offspring from a single parent cell by budding, by the division of a single cell, or by the division of the entire organism into two or more parts

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4
Q

homologous structure

A
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5
Q

vestigial structure

A
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6
Q

adaption

A

any structural trait or behavioural trait that improves an organism’s success at surviving and reproducing in a particular environment

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7
Q

variation

A

a difference in the frequency of genes and traits among individual organisms within a population

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8
Q

gene

A

the basic unit of inheritance passed from parent to offspring

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9
Q

mutation

A

a change in a genetic instruction

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10
Q

gradualism

A

the theory that changes to the organisms in a population occur slowly and steadily over earth’s history

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11
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

the theory that changes to the organisms in a population can occur in rapid spurts followed by long periods of little change

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12
Q

morphology

A

the detailed shape and form of an animal

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13
Q

fossil record

A

the record of all life on earth as preserved by all fossils that exist, whether dug up or still in ground

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14
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum number of individuals that can be sustained for an indefinite period in a given ecosystem

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15
Q

s-curve

A

the distinctive shape of the graph for a population limited by factors such as disease, competition and famine

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16
Q

closed population

A

a group of organisms that exists in a natural or artificial setting where immigration and emigration do not occur, and numbers are only affected by births and deaths

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17
Q

open population

A

a group of organisms that exists in a natural setting where births, deaths, immigration and emigration affect the population numbers

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18
Q

doubling time

A

the amount of time it takes for a population to double its size

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19
Q

exponential growth

A

the rapid growth in population caused by a constant increase

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20
Q

j-curve

A

the distinctive shape of the graph for a population that is regularly increasing and growing exponentially

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21
Q

sustainable development

A

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations

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22
Q

secondary succession

A

the return in stages to a stable climax community from an area that has had its vegetation - but not its soil - removed

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23
Q

primary succession

A

the process of changing - in successive stages - an environment from an area of bare rock and few species to a complex community

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24
Q

invasive species

A

a species that does not normally occur in an area, is introduced by human action and then expands to become a breeding population that threatens the area’s biodiversity

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25
Q

pioneer species

A

simple and hardy plants that first invade or colonize barren ground and change the environment to support more complex life forms

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26
Q

carbon sink

A

a system that removes more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than it releases into the atmosphere

27
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process by which cells convert the chemical energy stored in sugars into energy that the cells can use

28
Q

what are the biological levels of organization

A

smallest living unit being “cells”
then comes tissues
organs
organ system
organism
population
community
ecosystem
biome
biosphere

29
Q

what is the cell theory

A

this theory states that the cell is the (1) smallest living unit in all organisms
and (2) all living things are made of cells. finally (3) all cells come from other pre existing cells

30
Q

list 4 major bio molecules

A

carbohydrates (it’s building block is monosaccharide)
lipids (fatty acid and glycerol)
proteins (amino acids)
nucleic acids (nucleotide)

31
Q

what are the individual functions of each of the four biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids)??

A

carbohydrates: fast source of energy and structure (ie; cell walls)

lipids: long term energy and part of the cell membrane

proteins: muscle building and can act as enzymes

nucleic acids: can code for traits and directs cell activities

32
Q

what is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

A

pro rhymes with no, prokaryotic cells are no membrane-bound organelles

while eukaryotic cells are membrane bound organelles

33
Q

what falls under the category of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes while plants, animals, protists and fungi are eukaryotes

34
Q

what do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

A

dna
cytoplasm
ribosomes
cell membrane

35
Q

what membrane bound organelles are found in animal cells?

A
  1. nucleus
  2. endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
  3. golgi apparatus
  4. mitochondria
  5. lysosomes
  6. vacuoles
  7. peroxisomes
36
Q

animal cell vs plant cell

A
37
Q

cell membrane importance

A

the membrane is crucial for homeostasis, it’s what controls what goes in and out of the cell. the membrane is made of phospholipids which have polar heads and non-polar tails

38
Q

passive transport (example of it and how it travels with the gradient)

A

molecules move passively through the membrane WITHOUT a need for added energy

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion (which is through a protein) are examples of passive transport

in these cases, solutes travel WITH the gradient

39
Q

active transport (example of it and how it moves with the gradient)

A

can involve using atp to force molecules to move in the opposite direction of the gradient (low to high concentration)

40
Q

what is water travelling through the membrane referred to as?

A

osmosis

41
Q

water molecules travel from —— concentration to ——- concentration?

A

high concentration to low concentration

42
Q

isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic, what do these terms refer to?

A

hypotonic - lower concentration of solutes compared to solution (fluid levels) water moves into a cell causing it to swell and or potentially burst

hypertonic - higher concentration of solutes compared to solution. water moves out of the cell causing it to shrink and wrinkle

isotonic - equal concentration of solutes and solution on the other side of the membrane, this cell maintains its shape and size as there is no net movement of water across the membrane

43
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have!

A

46

44
Q

how many chromosomes do you receive from each parent?

A

23 female parent
23 male parent

45
Q

you have to replicate dna cells before you make new cells (true or false?)

A

true

46
Q

cell cycle

A

G1 - cell growth
S phase - synthesis of dna (when dna replicates)
G2 - cell growth to prepare for dividing
M phase - mitosis and cytokinesis

G1, S, and G2 are apart of interphase, they don’t divide during this time, but when they enter the M phase, it divides

47
Q

mitosis

A

cell division, in humans and other living organisms it makes identical body cells like skin cells making skin cells and stomach cells making stomach cells. great for replacement of cells or repairing cells

48
Q

meiosis

A

in humans and other organisms meiosis makes gametes, critical for sexual reproduction. egg cells and sperm cells, these carry the 23 chromosomes from each parent.

49
Q

haploid carry’s ____ set of chromosomes

A

1 set of chromosomes

50
Q

diploids carry ___ sets of chromosomes

A

two sets of chromosomes

51
Q

mutations are always harmful (true or false)

A

false, mutations can be neutral, harmful or even sometimes beneficial. mutations are also always random

52
Q

what are some examples of helpful bacteria?

A

breaking down food in a digestive system

help decompose organic matter

fix nitrogen for plants

used to make some foods

53
Q

non vascular plants vs vascular plants

A

vascular plants have two different vessels, xylem which carries water and the phloem which carrie’s photosynthesis products such as sugar throughout the plant
whereas non vascular plants absorb water through osmosis

54
Q

what do plants need to perform photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide

55
Q

stomata (location and function in a plant)

A

bottom of leaf, stomas role is gas exchange. CO2 can flow in through these pore like openings.

56
Q

what cell is in charge of closing and opening the stomata (and why would stomata need to close?)

A

guard cells

one example of the stomata needing to be closed is on a hot day when the plant is running on low water

57
Q

what male and female parts can be within a flower structure

A

male parts - anther and filament, the whole thing referred to as the stamen
female parts - stigma, style and ovary the whole thing referred to as pistil

58
Q

plants are what part of the food chain?

A

producers (the beginning of the pyramid)

59
Q

which trophic level contains the most energy?

A

trophic level 1 - the producers

60
Q

how much energy does trophic level 2 receive from trophic level 1?

A

only 10 percent of energy

61
Q

energy can be lost as ?

A

heat or undigested

62
Q

food web vs food chain

A

food web is a comprehensive illustration of different food chains that interact with each other in an ecosystem, a food chain is just one simple linear chain depicting the flow of energy in a community

63
Q

denitrification

A

bacteria converts nitrates and nitrites back into nitrogen gas

64
Q

what are the three symbiotic relationships and what are each about?

A

parasitism : one organism benefits and the other is harmed by a parasite

commensalism : one organism benefits in the relationship and one is neither helped nor harmed (neutral)

mutualism : both organisms involved benefit from the relationship (acacia tree and acacia ants, the tree provides a home for the ants and the ants protects the tree)

Science Unit D & Unit A (3 decks)

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