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Micro > Unit Iv A > Flashcards

Unit Iv A Flashcards

1
Q

Science of classifying organisms

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

Provides universal names for organisms

A

Taxonomy

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3
Q

The science of classification of organisms according to their natural relationships

A

Phylogeny/Systematics

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4
Q

Linnaeus’ Two Kingdom system

A
  1. Plants
  2. Animals
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5
Q

Stays in place, photosynthesis

A

Plants

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6
Q

Walk and eat

A

Animals

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7
Q

Ernst Haeckel (1866) Three kingdom system

A
  1. Protista
  2. Plantae
  3. Animalia
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8
Q

Unicellular organisms; microscopic

A

Protista

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9
Q

Herbet Faulkner Copeland (1956) Four Kingdom Classification

A
  1. Mycota
  2. Protoctista
  3. Plantae
  4. Animalia
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10
Q

Bacteria and blue-green algae

A

Mycota

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11
Q

Protozoans and fungi

A

Protoctista

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12
Q

Robert H. Whittaker (1969) Five Kingdom Classification

A
  1. Monera
  2. Fungi
  3. Protista
  4. Plantae
  5. Animalia
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13
Q

Carl Woese and George Fox
Six Kingdoms

A
  1. Kingdom Archaebacteria
  2. Kingdom Eubacteria
  3. Kingdom Protista
  4. Kingdom Fungi
  5. Kingdom Plantae
  6. Kingdom Animalia
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14
Q

Often adapted to harsh conditions

A

Archaebacteria

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15
Q

True bacteria

A

Eubacteria

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16
Q

Proposed Three Domains of Life

A

Carl H. Woese (1978)

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17
Q

Three Domains of Life

A
  1. Domain Bacteria (Bacteria)
  2. Domain Archaea (Archaebacteria)
  3. Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes)
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18
Q

Who established hierarchical system of classification

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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19
Q

Father of Taxonomy

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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20
Q

A level of grouping

A

Taxon (Taxa)

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21
Q

A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

A

Eukaryotic species

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22
Q

Least to most inclusive
Taxonomic Rank

A
  1. Species
  2. Genus
  3. Family
  4. Order
  5. Class
  6. Phylum/Division
  7. Kingdom
  8. Domain
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23
Q

A population of closely related interbreeding individuals

A

Species

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24
Q

Group of genetically related species

A

Genus/Genera

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25
Q

Genera with similar traits

A

Family

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26
Q

Families with common characteristics

A

Order

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27
Q

Orders with similar characteristics

A

Class

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28
Q

Who proposed scientific name

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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29
Q

Genus and species term

A

Binomial nomenclature

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30
Q

Importance of Scientific Names

A
  1. Universally accepted
  2. Reveals classification
  3. More specific and definite
  4. More or less permanent
  5. Two or more organisms may have the same common names
  6. One organism may have one or more common names
  7. Some rare organisms do not have common names
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31
Q

A population of cells with similar characteristics

A

Prokaryotic Species

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32
Q

Is the standard reference on antibacterial classification

A

Bergey’s Manual Of Systematic Bacteriology

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33
Q

Grown in laboratory media

A

Culture

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34
Q

Populations of cells derived from a single cell

A

Clone

35
Q

A group of bacteria derived from a single cell

A

Strain

36
Q

A catchall kingdom for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms

A

Protists

37
Q

Cells walls made of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments

A

Fungi

38
Q

No cell walls; Chemoautotrophic

A

Animalia

39
Q

Cellulose cell walls; photoautotrophic

A

Plantae

40
Q

Population of viruses with similar characteristics occupying a particular ecological niche

A

Viral Species

41
Q

Not composed of cells; cannot grow without a host cell

A

Virus

42
Q

Placing organisms in groups of related species

A

Classification

43
Q

Matching characteristics of an ‘unknown’ to lists of known organisms

A

Identification

44
Q

Provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea

A

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

45
Q

Provides phylogenetic information on the bacteria and archaea

A

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

46
Q

Useful for identifying eukaryotes

A

Morphological Characteristics

47
Q

Gram staining; acid-fast staining

A

Differential Staining

48
Q

Determines the presence of bacterial enzymes

A

Biochemical tests

49
Q

Results of each test are assigned a number

A

Numerical identification

50
Q

Available for some medically important bacteria and yeasts

A

Automated Rapid Identification

51
Q

Science that study blood serum and immune response that are evident in serum

A

Serology

52
Q

Strains with different antigens are called

A

Serotypes, serovars or biovars

53
Q

Is fast and can be read by a computer scanner

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

54
Q

Used to identify antibodies in a patient’s serum

A

Western Blotting

55
Q

Are bacterial viruses that usually cause lysis of the bacterial cells they infect

A

Bacteriophages

56
Q

Useful in tracing the origin and course of a disease outbreak

A

Bacteriophages

57
Q

Is widely used in clinical and public health laboratories

A

FAME (Fatty acid methyl ester)

58
Q

Measures physical and chemical characteristics of cells

A

Flow Cytometry

59
Q

Used to identify bacteria in a sample without culturing the bacteria

A

Flow Cytometry

60
Q

Technique used in the lab to make millions of copies of a particular section of DNA

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

61
Q

Taxonomists can use an organism’s DNA base composition to draw conclusions about relatedness

A

DNA Sequencing

62
Q

Number and size of DNA fragments (fingerprints) produced by RE digests are used to determine genetic similarities

A

DNA fingerprinting

63
Q

Single strands of DNA and RNA, from related organisms will hydrogen-bond to form a double-stranded molecule

A

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

64
Q

Nucleic Acid Hybridization can be used to identify unknown microorganisms by

A

Southern Blotting

65
Q

Which can quickly detect a pathogen in a host or the environment by identifying a gene that is unique to that pathogens

A

DNA Chip or Microarray

66
Q

DNA Chip is composed of what

A

DNA probes

67
Q

Are use to stain microorganisms in stay in place

A

Flouroscent dye-label RNA bad DNA probes

68
Q

Used to amplify a small amount of microbial DNA in a sample

A

Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)

69
Q

Is a depiction of patterns of shared characteristics among taxa

A

Cladogram

70
Q

Is defined as a group of species that includes an ancestral species and Al it’s descendants

A

Clade with a cladogram

71
Q

Is the study of resemblances among clades

A

Cladistics

72
Q

Clado means

A

Branch

73
Q

Who proposed that bacteria and fungi be placed in the plant kingdom

A

Carl Von Nageli

74
Q

Fungi were placed in their own kingdom in

A

1959

75
Q

Group of organisms considered to be more evolved than bacteria

A

Archaea

76
Q

Evolutionary history of a kind of organisms

A

Phylogeny

77
Q

Found in all three domains

A

Ribosome and plasma membrane

78
Q

One common ancestor

A

Monophyletic

79
Q

Require high concentration of salt for survival

A

Extreme Halophiles

80
Q

Which normally grow in extremely hot environments

A

Hyperthermophiles

81
Q

Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells living inside one another, as endosymbionts

A

Endosymbiotic theory

82
Q

This strain is commonly known as a cause of travels’ diarrhea

A

Shiga toxin-producing E.coli

83
Q

Binomial

A

Genus name and specific epithet

Micro (2 decks)

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