Urban Change due to urbanisation Flashcards
How does a cities economy develop through urbanisation
Cities offer more jobs that are better paid increasing migration
As population increases, B. Increase in size and profit, increasing jobs and wages
Commercial farming increases, causing decline in subsistence farming, decreasing jobs and increasing migration to cities
How does a city’s social characteristics develop through urbanisation
Cities have increased living standards compared to rural areas due to health care and education thus increasing migration
And increase in population leads to increase culture diversity making migrant communities and a more welcoming environment
HOWEVER - segregation can occur
How does cities technological characteristics develop through urbanisation
Cities are hotspots for technological advancements
E.g. 19th century = Manchester as 1st industrialised city in the world
Branded ‘cottonopolis’ because of cotton processing factories
How do cities political characteristics develop through urbanisation
Urban growth leads to increased inequalities
Creates working class status
New political movements emerged to represent the working class population
Political reform focuses on issues that affect urban life e.g. poor sanitation, quality of housing and working conditions
How do you cities demographic characteristics develop through urbanisation
As cities increase and become wealthier they attract migrants
Urban areas become more culturally and ethnically diverse
E.g. Chinatown in New York
Young people are attracted to jobs and entertainment e.g. clubs, raise families changing population structure to younger
How have developed countries changed since 1970s - give 3 main changes
Deindustrialisation
Rise of service economy
Decentralisation
How did deindustrialisation occur
1060s =
- Developing nations industrialised e.g. Singapore
- Able to produce goods at a cheaper price than Europe and North America due to low labour costs
1970s =
- developed world struggling to compete
- Entire industries collapsed e.g. steel in Sheffield - caused mass unemployment and poverty
- in the UK deindustrialisation caused unemployment to rise to 3 mill in 1983 - highest rate since WW2
How did rise of the service economy occur
1980s =
- Many service industries e.g. retail and banking began to expand and dominate western economies
- These industries are responsible for the majority of economic growth in developed countries since deindustrialisation
How did Decentralisation occur
- Land prices in city centres increased businesses and shops relocated to suburbs
- Rise of out-of-town shopping centres e.g. Meadowhall near Sheffield
- Cause city centre shops and offices to close resulting in abandoned buildings, job losses and urban property
What are the four schemes to improve the UK cities since 1979
- Urban Development Corporations
- Enterprise zones
- City challenge
- Partnership schemes
When were urban development corporations established
1979-1990s
What happened between 1979-1990s
1979:
- many UK cities in decline
- government created UDCs - use private funding to restore derelict areas
1981:
-1st UDC in London Docklands
1990s:
- 12 UDCs established, redeveloping some of the most rundown areas
- HOWEVER, UDCs Criticised for ignoring needs of local residents e.g. affordable homes and suitable jobs
How did the London Docklands UDC improve the city - aim, results
Aim = attract new B. Improve local environment, create jobs and build new homes
1981-1998:
- built 24,000 new homes
- created 85,000 jobs
- built new schools, parks and community facilities e.g. Surrey Quays Shopping Centre
When were Enterprise Zones established
1981-present
What happened between 1981 to present
1981:
- EZs established in areas with high unemployed
- aim = attract start up companies to increase jobs
- achieved by decreasing tax in corporations and land
1990s:
- EZs housed over 5000 companies, employing 125,000 people
- HOWEVER, tax reduction caused existing companies to relocate and take stuff to EZs, limiting the number of jobs created
