Urban Issues and Challenges (only content from Year 10 Feb PPE) Flashcards
What is urban regeneration?
-the attempt to reverse urban decline by improving environment/economy of an area.
What is a case study on urban regeneration and why was there a decline?
-London Docklands
-manufacturing moved overseas.
-containerisation meants large cranes were used instead of workers.
How did they regenerate London Docklands (and compare it to how it was before)?
-£100 million was spent on health, education and job training, before there was 30,000 jobs lost.
-large new shopping centres at Canary Wharf with over 30 shops, before there was no shopping centres or major entertainments.
-transport revolution, Docklands Light Railway carrying 35,000 passengers a week, before road access was difficult and limited public transport.
-2700 business trading.
What are the urban challeneges in Lagos?
-Makoko Slums: there’s a lack of property built homes,people build on water/land they do not own.
-lack of sanitation systems,clean water and supply
-only 10% of Lagos have a piped water supply.
-60% live in squatter settlements and those without education work in the informal sector.
-traffic congestion, the average Lagos resident takes 3hrs in traffic.
-health centres are inadequate, schools are expensive and not available to all.
What are the four types of erosion?
-attrition (rocks smashing against eachother).
-abrasion (rocks rubbing against a cliff).
-solution (chemical eroding rock).
-hydraulic action (the hard flow of water causing cracks in the cliff).
What is a wave-cut platform?
-the sea attacks the base of the cliff between the high and low water makr.
-a wave-cut notch is formed by erosional processes such as abrasion and hydraulic action, this is a dent in the cliff.
-as the notch increases in size, the cliff becomes unstable and collapses, leading to the retreat of the cliff face.
-the backwash carries away the eroded material, leaving a wave-cut platoform.
What are the positives of Dangote cement?
-creates jobs which pays taxes to central government, these taxes can be used for development projects, like infrastructure.
-provides 17,000 direct employees/jobs.
-Dangote has expanded to 13 different African countries.
What are the negatives of Dangote cement?
-dangote cement can influence government descisions so can make negative descisions affecting the development of Nigeria.
-wage levels are low, poor standard of living.
How are meanders formed?
-the current (flow of the water) is faster on the outside of the bend because the river channel is deeper (there’s less friction to flow the water down).
-so more erosion takes place on the outside of the bend, forming river cliffs.
-the current is slower on the inside of the bend because the river channel is shallower (there’s more friction to slow the water down).
-so eroded material is deposited on the inside of the bend,forming slip-off slopes.
