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Geography > Urban Issues and Challenges - UK and LONDON > Flashcards

Urban Issues and Challenges - UK and LONDON Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean to be sparsely populated?

A

Place. Which contains few people

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2
Q

What does it mean to be densely populated?

A

Places which contain many people

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3
Q

How is the UK population distributed?

A
  • Average population density is around 260 people per km²
  • Population density is high across England, particularly in the South East
  • The highest densities are in major cities - e.g. London, Manchester, Glasgow
  • Lowest densities are in the north and west of the UK, in the upland areas, especially in Wales and Scotland
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4
Q

What is the case study of a major city in the UK?

A

LONDON

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5
Q

Why is London influential NATIONALLY?

A
  • Londoners earn 23% more than the UK average
  • 5 million jobs at the start of 2012
  • It generates approximately 30% of the UK’s GDP
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6
Q

Why is London influential INTERNATIONALLY

A
  • 30 million tourists in 2017
  • 103,000 international students
  • London stock exchange is the largest in the world
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7
Q

Impacts of migration - SCHOOL/ EDUCATION

A
  • More resources
  • Additional migrants putting pressure on schools
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8
Q

Impacts of migration - JOBS

A
  • Undesirable jobs
  • Bring new skills
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9
Q

Impacts of migration - BENEFITS

A
  • Very small number of immigrants claim benefits - they mainly look for jobs
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10
Q

Impacts of migration- HEALTH SERVICES

A
  • UK is an agin population and migrants are younger
  • 26% of doctors are immigrants - provide crucial services
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11
Q

Cultural impacts of migration : LONDON RIOTS

A
  • Main cause of the riots: → 5% unemployment
    → 19% other/don’t know
    → 42% criminal behaviour
    → 26% gang culture
    → 8% government cuts
  • Breaking into shops and nicking stuff
  • Broken families lead to unhappy and bad children
  • Personal debt, addiction, bad education, lack of work + lifetime on benefits
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12
Q

Social and economic opportunities in London

A
  • It is well connected with an integrated transport system: the Underground, buses, Tramlink, Docklands Light Railway, London Overground
  • The city has a huge variety of recreational opportunities, including West End theatre shows, countless shopping centres and restaurants, and world-class sporting events; all creating thousands of jobs
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13
Q

Environmental opportunities in London

A
  • 47% of the city consists of green space
  • London has 8 royal parks, 8 million trees, 3 million gardens and 2 National Nature Reserves
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14
Q

What is cultural mix?

A

Numerous different cultures living together in a city e.g. Shoreditch

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15
Q

Advantages of London’s Cultural Mix

A
  • Huge areas of London benefit from the food, music (e.g BBC Asian Radio), exposure to other religions, languages and cultural parties
  • Many events celebrating multiculturalism too such as Nottingham Carnival
  • It also highlights how broadly tolerant and liberal the people are
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16
Q

Challenges of London’s Cultural Mix

A
  • Integration- language, we can’t ensure that all new people moving in can converse properly in English
  • Ghettos - the poorer cultural groups live in the poorest parts of the city
  • Public services such as schools and hospitals have to provide language translation services
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17
Q

Recreation and entertainment in London

A

→ hosted Olympics in 2012
→ Buckingham Palace
→ Natural History Museum
→ Wimbledon Tennis Open

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18
Q

How urban change has created challenges: URBAN DEPRIVATION

A
  • Urban deprivation occurs in areas where the standard of living is below that of the majority in society
  • Places suffering from urban deprivation have visible differences in housing and economic opportunities; the rich living alongside the poor
  • More than a quarter of London’s population lives below the poverty line
  • In inner city London, declining industry and poor housing conditions have led to significant deprivation
19
Q

How urban change has created challenges: INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH

A
  • People in deprived areas are more likely to have low life expectancies and unhealthy lifestyles
  • Women in Kensington can expect to live to 86, whereas those in the less wealthy borough of Dagenham have an average life expectancy of 82
20
Q

How urban change has created challenges: INEQUALITIES IN HOUSING

A
  • House prices in London are rising faster than anywhere else in the UK, pricing many people out of the housing market
  • Affordable housing that is available is often in poor conditions
  • 60% of children in Camden live in low-income households with poor housing
21
Q

How urban change has created challenges: INEQUALITIES IN EDUCATION & EMPLOYMENT

A
  • Students living in poorer areas often leave school with few qualifications
  • This leads to high levels of unemployment and low wages
22
Q

Positives about building on BROWNFIELD SITES

A
  • Sites are available since industry declined
  • Public transport is better in urban areas, so less need for cars
  • New development can improve the urban environment
23
Q

Negatives about building on BROWNFIELD SITES

A
  • Old buildings may need to be demolished first
  • Ground may need to be decontaminated
  • Land is expensive in urban areas
24
Q

Positives about building on GREENFIELD SITES

A
  • No demolition or decontamination is needed
  • Increases urban sprawl - opens new jobs
  • Land is cheaper in rural areas
25
Q

Negatives about building on GREENFIELD SITES

A
  • Natural habitats may be destroyed
  • Valuable farmland or land for recreation may be lost
  • Public transport is worse in rural areas - more need for cars
26
Q

Greenfield or brownfield sites - which do you think people should be encouraged to build on?

A

I think that Brownfield sites are better for the environment, as there is less need for cars because public transport is better in urban areas, however Greenfield sites are better for social and economic reasons. Therefore, I think that Greenfield sites are better to build on as it is cheaper so it is more affordable for struggling people/families. There is also no demolition or decontamination needed. It also increases urban sprawl which opens new jobs and a new community for people

27
Q

Describe the location of the Olympic Park

A

East London
Middle of Hackney, Tower Hamlets, Newham and Waltham Forest
On the River Lee Valley

28
Q

Why was the Lower Lee Valley in need of regeneration

A
  • Plenty of people looking for work
  • It was contaminated with chemicals so it needed regeneration
  • There were many flat brownfield sites which were ideal for building on
  • It is near the Thames so it has potential for good transport links
29
Q

SOCIAL pros of Olympic Park

A
  • 2818 new homes (40%) will be affordable
  • New school - Chobham Academy - will cover all levels of education
  • 50m pools as facilities for community and schools
30
Q

SOCIAL cons of Olympic Park

A
  • The ‘affordable rents’ for the 2800 new homes will be unaffordable to Newham’s poorest households
  • Unemployment actually went up during the Olympics
  • Properties for poorer people had to be demolished to make way for the site - e.g. 450 Housing Association flats were torn down
31
Q

ECONOMIC pros of Olympic Park

A
  • ALL of the Olympic venues have been sold
  • Lloyds TSB estimated that the Olympics will generate £10 billion in extra income for the UK economy
32
Q

ECONOMIC cons of Olympic Park

A
  • The Olympic stadium is estimated to have cost £701 million, almost 3 times the original estimate- this angered many local people
  • It was £5 billion over budget
  • Existing businesses had to move
33
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL pros of Olympic Park

A
  • The stadiums were made out of at least 25% recycled materials
  • The Olympic Site was built largely on 560 acres of brownfield land, property that had been neglected, unused, and contaminated
  • New green spaces and wildlife habitats were created - ponds, woodland, artificial otter holts
34
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL cons of Olympic Park

A
  • The games produced 3.3 million tonnes of CO2
  • Much wildlife had to be relocated
35
Q

Main features of Olympic Park

A
  • Athletes’ Village now converted into housing units for local people
  • East Village - a new community with 2800 homes, shops, cafés and a school for 1800 students
  • Electricity cables buried underground to improve the appearance of the area
36
Q

What are features of sustainable urban living

A
  • Water and energy conservation
  • Waste recycling
  • Creating green spaces
37
Q

Urban sustainability: CONSERVING WATER

A
  • Collecting rainwater for use on gardens or for flushing toilets
  • Installing toilets that use less water to flush
  • Installing water meters so that people have to pay for the water that they use
  • Encouraging people to use less water, e.g. by turning off taps whilst brushing their teeth
38
Q

Urban sustainability: CONSERVING ENERGY

A

Burning fossil fuels is unsustainable, burning = greenhouse gases- climate change
Energy conservation schemes:
- Promoting renewable energy sources over traditional coal or gas fired power stations
- Government incentives to make homes more energy efficient- e.g. allow homeowners who generate electricity to sell any excess energy to the national grid
- making sure new homes that are built meet minimum energy efficiency requirements
- encouraging people to use less energy at home e.g. tuning lights off when not needed

39
Q

Urban sustainability: WASTE RECYCLING

A

More recycling means fewer resources are used - less waste is produced, which reduces the amount that goes to landfill
Landfill - unsustainable as it wastes resources that could be recycled , decomposing landfill also releases greenhouse gases
- Waste recycling schemes: collection of household recycling boxes, recycling facilities for larger items e.g. fridges

40
Q

Urban sustainability: CREATING GREEN SPACE

A

Cities - noisy, dirty, busy, hot - unsustainable - people find them unpleasant and stressful
Creating green spaces within them makes sure they remain places where people want to live and work because:
- provide cooler areas, encourage exercise - and use of bikes
Environmental benefits:
- reduce risk of flooding (reduce surface run-off), reduce air pollution by creating pockets of clean air

41
Q

What green spaces have been created in the East Village

A

Green roofs - collect grey water
Trees planted - shading and cooling in hot summers - also more green spaces makes people want to go out there and socialise
Good quality environment, good quality street furniture means better investment and good environment

42
Q

What has been done to make the East Village more efficient in terms of WATER use

A

Reusing rainwater - flows into reeds which clean it to use for flushing loos
They’ve installed water meters so people have to pay for the water they use
They are encouraging people to use less water

43
Q

What has been done to make the East Village more efficient in terms of ENERGY use

A

Own power station locally and it is well hidden - burns biomass and releases heat - renewable
Energy efficient so they encourage people to use less energy

44
Q

What has been done to make the East Village more efficient in terms of TRANSPORT

A

Discourage cars:
- integrated transport scheme - buses, bicycles, DLR, underground
- less car park spaces
- local shops - also boost social & economic

Geography (7 decks)

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