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Geography > Urban Problems > Flashcards

Urban Problems Flashcards

1
Q

main 4 urban problems in hk

A
  1. housing problem
  2. traffic congestion
  3. environmental pollution
  4. urban decay
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2
Q

which 2 factors making up housing problems?

A
  • shortage of housing
  • poor living environment
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3
Q

why is there shortage of housing? as a result, people have to live in..?

A

private housing is too expensive, supply of affordable housing (e.g. public housing) isn’t enough
as a result, people have to live in substandard housing with poor living environment

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4
Q

what are the 2 factors of poor living environment (+2 examples)

A
  1. hygiene & safety problem (e.g. risk of collapsing)
  2. overcrowded living area (e.g. subdivided flats)
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5
Q

when and where is traffic congestion commonly occured?

A
  • during rush hours
  • in cbd (heavy traffic flow), in old urban areas with narrow roads, at traffic bottlenecks (e.g. entrance of tunnels)
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6
Q

4 types of environmental pollution

A

air, noise, light, land pollution

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of air pollution?

A
  • roadside air pollution
  • regional air pollution due to economic activities in zhujiang delta (e.g. power plants)
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8
Q

the adverse effect(s) of air pollution

A

respiratory problems

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9
Q

examples of common noise pollution?

A

traffic noise, road repairing, construction works and business activites

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10
Q

the adverse effect(s) of noise pollution

A

mental stress, hearing loss

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11
Q

where is light pollution commonly found?

A

in areas with mixed land use

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12
Q

the adverse effect(s) of light pollution

A

affects residents’ sleep

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13
Q

name a type of land pollution and its effect if there is lack of proper waste recycling

A

solid waste (domestic waste) -> lack of proper waste recycling -> heavy pressure on the 3 landfills

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14
Q

what is urban decay?

A

degrading of the environment in urban areas

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15
Q

where is urban decay commonly found?

A

in old urban areas (e.g kwun tong, yau ma tei, sham shui po)

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16
Q

what kind of buildings are there inner cities of hk? what do they lack? what is common there?

A
  • old and worn-out buildings that lack maintenance -> risk of fire & collapsing
  • lack open space & community facilities
  • land use conflicts are common
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17
Q

4 main causes of urban problems

A
  1. large population
  2. poor urban planning in the past
  3. rapid economic development
  4. long history of development
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18
Q

why is there a large population in hk?

A

since 1950s, the population of hk has been growing rapidly (immigration)

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19
Q

adverse effects of large population (intensify xx and put great pressure on xx)

A

intensify pollution and put great pressure on housing, transport and social facilities

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20
Q

urban problems resulted from large population

A
  • housing problem
  • solid waste (food waste, domestic waste)
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21
Q

why is there poor urban planning in the past?

A

early urban planning of hk -> lack long-term vision and cannot keep up with development

22
Q

examples of poor urban planning in the past

A

mixed land use and narrow roads etc

23
Q

urban problems resulted from poor urban planning in the past

A
  • land use conflicts
  • traffic congestion
  • housing problem
24
Q

what does rapid economic development lead to?

A
  • flow of people and traffic have increased
  • improved living standard -> more motor vehicles
    • increase in vehicles is faster than that of road
      length
  • produce more waste
  • need land for development
25
Q

urban problems resulted from rapid economic development

A
  • traffic congestion
  • pollution
  • housing problems
26
Q

how can we see that there is a long history of development?

A

many buildings in the inner city areas were built 50+ years ago

27
Q

urban problems resulted from long history of development

A

urban decay

28
Q

4 solutions for housing problem

A
  1. develop new towns and new development areas
  2. build more public housing
  3. changing land use
  4. redevelopment
29
Q

what can new towns and large-scale housing estates make an impact on?

A

ease overcrowding in old urban areas

30
Q

new towns built in the early 1970s

A

tsuen wan, sha tin, tuen mun

31
Q

new towns built in the late 1970s

A

tai po, fanling, sheung shui, yuen long

32
Q

new towns built in the 1980s-1990s

A

tin shui wai, tung chung, tseung kwan o

33
Q

what do well-planned communities have?

A

more open space and facilities; seperation of industrial & resi areas through green areas (buffer zone) -> x land use conflict

34
Q

what are some new development areas which the gov is currently planning? what is the living environment there?

A

kwu tung north, fanling north
living environment is pleasant and less dense

35
Q

how can we increase the new public housing supply?

A

by pulling down aged public housing estates and rebuilding them

36
Q

what does public housing have?

A

lower rent & better living environment for low-income groups

37
Q

example for changing land use

A

abandoned farmland to residential use

38
Q

how is redevelopment done?

A

by redeveloping old buildings into high-rise buildings

39
Q

what are the effects of redevelopment?

A

increase housing supply, improve living environment

40
Q

3 solutions for traffic congestion

A
  1. improve road network
  2. expand railway network
  3. control the number of vehicles
41
Q

how to improve road network

A
  1. upgrade existing road network (e.g. widen and straighten roads)
  2. build new roads, highways and bypass
42
Q

what are the expected results of improving road network?

A

to improve traffic flow and increase road capacity

43
Q

what can expanding railway network provide?

A

an efficient and environmental-friendly mass transit system to encourage the use of public transportation

44
Q

how to control the number of vehicles?

A
  1. restructure bus routes
  2. increase first registration tax and annual licence fee of vehicles
45
Q

what are the expected results of expanding railways network and controlling the number of vehicles?

A

to slow down the growth of vehicles

46
Q

what can environmental pollution be subdivided into?

A

air, noise, land pollution

47
Q

4 solutions to combat air pollution

A
  1. phase out diesel cars
  2. lower first registration tax for low-emission vehicles (e.g. electric)
  3. promote use of cleaner fuels(e.g. natural gas, non-fossil fuels)
  4. develop renewable energy (e.g. solar, wind energy)
48
Q

3 solutions to combat noise pollution

A
  1. legislation to restrict noise levels (construction works)
  2. noise-reducing materials -> pave roads
  3. set up noise barriers along busy roads close to resi
49
Q

2 solutions to combat land pollution

A
  1. encourage source reduction (e.g. waste sorting for recycling, polluter-pays principle: plastic bag levy, waste charging)
  2. expand landfills and build incinerators
50
Q

3 solutions to combat urban decay

A
  1. redevelopment
    • pull down old, unsafe buildings & replace with
      modern buildings -> improve urban envir,
      better planning (community facilities etc)
  2. rehabilitation
    • slow down urban decay (maintenance for
      stable old buildings)
  3. heritage preservation & revitalisation (for historical buildings)

Geography (6 decks)

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