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Foundations > Urinary Elimination > Flashcards

Urinary Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys

A

Remove waste from the blood to form urine

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2
Q

Functional unit of the kidneys

A

Nephron

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3
Q

what kind of muscle are ureters made of?

A

Smooth muscle, they are smooth muscle tubules

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4
Q

Function of the ureters

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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5
Q

What is the bladders purpose?

A

Storage compartment. It is a reservoir for urine until the urge to urinate develops

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6
Q

Urethra

A

Urine travels from the bladder and exits through the urethral meatus

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7
Q

When should inflants void after birth?

A

Within 24 hours

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8
Q

Kidneys Functions

A
  1. Filter waste from the blood 2. Produce substances that from red blood cells (ethropoeitin) 3. Fluid and electrolyte balance 4. Blood pressure control (RAAAASTA)
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9
Q

What does hypertension lead to?

A

Decreased urine

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10
Q

What worries is about extra potassium?

A

Worried about the heart

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11
Q

Brain structures that influence bladder emptying

A

Cerebral Cortex, Thalmus, Hypothalmus, Brain Stem

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12
Q

What does normal voiding involve?

A

Contraction of the bladder muscles and relaxation of the urethral spinchter

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13
Q

Maturation

A

The act of peeing

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14
Q

What can happen after surgery?

A

Stress—ADH release—urinary retention

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15
Q

Factors influencing urination

A

Amount of urine in bladder, increasing urine volume stimulates the micturation center in the spinal cord, normally voiding is a voluntary process

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16
Q

How much urine does a normal adult hold?

A

600 mL is full. 250-400 is normal

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17
Q

Process of peeing

A

Pressure stresses the detrusor muscles forces bladder open. Sends sensation to spinal cord, reflex back, detrusor contracts

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18
Q

Factors affecting urination: Preneral

A

(not purfusing well) decreased blood flow to and thru the kidneys

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19
Q

Factors affecting urination: Renal

A

Diseases in kidney. Disease conditions of the renal tissue

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20
Q

Factors affecting urination: Postrenal

A

Obstruction. Obstruction in the lower urinary tract

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21
Q

Hydropneprosis

A

Distention and dilation of kidney pelvis. Obstruction can cause this

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22
Q

Disease/Conditions that influence urination

A

Diabetes, Multiple Scelerosis, BPH, Cognitive disorders (Alzheimers), End-Stage renal disease

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23
Q

Other Factors that influence urination

A

Sociocultural factors, psychlogical factors, fluid balance, surgical procedures, medications, diagnostic examination

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24
Q

Are upper or lower UTIs more serious?

A

Upper. Ureters and kidneys

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25
Q

Where do lower UTIS take place?

A

Urethra and bladder

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26
Q

Nocturia

A

Waking up to pee. Should normally be able to sleep 7-8 hours without having to pee

27
Q

Polyuria

A

2500-3000 mL/day

28
Q

Oliguria

A

Less than 500 mL in 24 hours

29
Q

Anuria

A

Less than 100 mL in 24 hours

30
Q

Diuresis

A

Lots of urine. Usually because of diuretic

31
Q

Cystitis

A

Bladder inflammation

32
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood

33
Q

Pylonephritis

A

Renal pelvis

34
Q

Nocturnal Enuresis

A

peeing the bed

35
Q

When should you be able to palpate the bladder?

A

Greater than 600 mL

36
Q

Urinary retention

A

Accumulation of urine resulting from an inability of the bladder to empty properly. Bladder unable to the micturation reflex

37
Q

Possible causes or urinary retention

A

urethral ubstruction (stone/tumor), surgical trauma, child birth, alterations in sensory innervation, anxiety, side effects of medications

38
Q

UTIs

A

Most common healthcare associated infection

39
Q

What can UTIs be caused by in a healthcare setting?

A

Catheterization, surgical manipulation, 75-90% caused by ecoli

40
Q

What is the leading cause of UTI and sepsis

A

Indwelling (foley) catheter

41
Q

Urinary Incontenence

A

Worsens with aging. 50% of all long term care residents suffer from incontinence

42
Q

Urinary Diversion

A

Taking normal pathway of urine and re-routing it

43
Q

Causes of urinary diversion

A

cancer of the bladder, trauma, radiation, chronic cystitis

44
Q

Suprapubic stoma

A

Takes urine right out of the bladder

45
Q

Nephrostomy

A

Goes right into kidney. The ureters arnt working

46
Q

Urostomy

A

Made from part of the intestine. Still have ureters

47
Q

Neo bladder

A

Make a pouch out of the small intestine

48
Q

Dialysis

A

Can be short or long term

49
Q

Peritoneal Dialysis

A

Right into abdomen. Can be done at home. It is indirect and uses osmosis and and diffusion. Peritoneum uses a semipermeable membrane. Sterile solution instilled into peritoneum by gravity, left for time, drained out

50
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Usually about 2-4 hours, 3 days a week. Mechanical filtering of blood via membrane. Blood exits and returns via A/V fistula, CVL (central venous line)

51
Q

Kidney Transplant

A

Only cure for normal kidney function. On immunosuppresent medication for life.

52
Q

normal urine values

A

clear, straw yellow to light amber, slight ammonia odor, ph 4.6-7.8, SG 1.010-1.035

53
Q

What can Amber colored urine indicate?

A

Rhabdo, liver failure, blood

54
Q

Increased urine pH

A

Respiratory or metabolic alkalosis, gastric suction, vomiting, UTI

55
Q

Decreased urine pH

A

Metabolic acidosis, diabetes, diarrhea, respiratory acidosis

56
Q

Abnornal Findings: Increased Protein

A

Diabetes, CHF, Precalampsia, glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease, lutus erythematous, heavy metal poisoning, bladder tumor

57
Q

Abnoraml Findings: SG concentrated

A

dehydration, glycosuria proteinuria, fever, vomiting, diarrhea

58
Q

Abnormal Findings: DG Diluted

A

overhydration, renal failure, hypothermia, pyelonephritis

59
Q

Low and High end SG

A

1.010 and 1.035

60
Q

Abnormal Findings: Increased RBC

A

glomerulonephrits, acute tubular necrosis, cystits, traumatic catheterization

61
Q

Abnormal Findings: increased WBC

A

Bacterial infection in urinary tract, glomerulonephritis, acute pyelonephritits, lufus

62
Q

Cloude catheter

A

curved tip, easier to put in males with enlarged prostate

63
Q

Common Urinary Alterations

A

urgency, frequency, hesitancy, retention, dribbling, incontinence, residual urine

64
Q

Obtaining a urine speciman

A

random (anywhere), clean-catch (dont use first bit, clench and then pee), sterile (collected from catheter), timed collection (24 hr urine collection, done to see of theres kidney damage)

Foundations (4 decks)

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