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General Physiology > Urinary Physiology > Flashcards

Urinary Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The interlobar arteries divide into the

A

arcuate arteries

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1
Q

Which of the following lists contains the correct order of fluid flow through the urinary system?

A

PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct, calyces, renal pelvis, ureters

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2
Q

Females are more susceptible to UTIs because they have

A

a shorter urethra than men.

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3
Q

From the collecting ducts of the nephrons, urine drains directly into the

A

minor calyces.

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4
Q

The terminal portion of the urinary system is the

A

urethra

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5
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is a (n)

A

nephron

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6
Q

A physician that specializes in the branch of medicine focusing on problems of the male and female urinary system and the male reproductive system is called a(n)

A

urologist.

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7
Q

The small blood vessel carrying blood out of the glomerulus is the

A

efferent arteriole

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8
Q

The tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder out of the body is called the

A

urethra

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9
Q

The renal pyramids are located in the

A

renal medulla

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10
Q

The double-walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerular capillaries and collects the filtrate is called the

A

bowmans’ capsule

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11
Q

Most glucose molecules are reabsorbed in the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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12
Q

The first portion of the renal tubule is the

A

PCT

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13
Q

Which of the following represents the correct order of anatomical structures found in the nephron?

A

glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubules

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14
Q

Factors that aid venous return include ALL BUT:

A

greater urinary output

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15
Q

maintain the volume and composition of body fluids within normal limits

A

urinary system

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16
Q

rid the body of waste products that accumulate as a result of cellular metabolism

A

urinary system

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17
Q

sometimes referred to as excretory system

A

urinary system

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18
Q

maintains an appropriate fluid volume by regulating the amount of water that is excreted in the urine

A

urinary system

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19
Q

regulating the concentrations of various electrolytes in the body fluids and maintaining normal pH of the blood.

A

urinary system

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20
Q

excrete some waste products, such as carbon dioxide and water

A

lungs

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21
Q

rids the body of wastes through the sweat glands

A

skin

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22
Q

excrete bile pigments that result from the destruction of hemoglobin.

A

liver and intestines

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23
Q

In addition to maintaining fluid homeostasis in the body, the urinary system controls red blood cell production by secreting what hormone

A

erythropoietin

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24
Q

enzyme that urinary system secrete that plays a role in maintaining normal blood pressure

A

renin

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25
Q

consist of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

A

urinary system

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26
Q

create the urine and account for the other functions attributed to the urinary system.

A

kidneys

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27
Q

organs that filter the blood, remove the wastes, and excrete the wastes in the urine.

A

kidneys

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28
Q

organs that perform the functions of the urinary system

A

kidneys

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29
Q

approximately 3 cm thick, 6 cm wide, and 12 cm long. It is roughly bean-shaped with an indentation

A

kidneys

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30
Q

located between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae, one on each side of the vertebral column.

A

kidneys

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31
Q

usually is slightly lower than its counterpart because the liver displaces it downward.

A

right kidney

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32
Q

protected by the lower ribs, lie in shallow depressions against the posterior abdominal wall and behind the parietal peritoneum.

A

kidney

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33
Q

Is in retroperotineal positio

A

kidneys

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34
Q

connective tissue that holds the kidney in place

A

renal fascia

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35
Q

adipose tissue surrounds the kidney

A

perineal fat

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36
Q

tough, fibrous, connective tissue that closely envelopes each
kidney and provides support for the soft tissue that is inside

A

renal capsule

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37
Q

indentation of the kidney on the medial side, leads to the renal sinus

A

hilum

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38
Q

Where the ureter and renal vein leave the kidney

A

hilum

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39
Q

Renal artery enters the kidney through this

A

hilum

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40
Q

carry the urine away from kidneys to the urinary bladder

A

ureter

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41
Q

temporary reservoir for the urine

A

urinary bladder

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42
Q

tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to the outside.

A

urethra

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43
Q

outer, reddish region, next to the capsule

A

renal cortex

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44
Q

darker reddish-brown region

A

renal medulla

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45
Q

appear striated because they contain straight tubular structures and blood vessels

A

renal pyramids

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46
Q

wide bases of the pyramids are adjacent to the cortex and the pointed ends

A

renal papillae

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47
Q

Portions of the renal cortex extend into the spaces between adjacent pyramids to form

A

renal column

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48
Q

The cortex and medulla make up the what of the kidney

A

parenchyma

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49
Q

located in the renal sinus, and is continuous with the ureter

A

renal pelvis

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50
Q

large cavity that collects the urine as it is produced.

A

renal pelvis

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51
Q

part of the renal pelvis that is interrupted by cuplike projections (calyces

A

periphery

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52
Q

surrounds the renal papillae of each pyramid and collects urine from that pyramid

A

minor calyx

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53
Q

Several minor calyces converge to form a

A

major calyx

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54
Q

functional units of the kidney

A

nephrons

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55
Q

composed of renal corpuscle and renal tubule

A

neprons

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56
Q

consists of a cluster of capillaries, called the glomerulus, surrounded by a double-layered epithelial cup, called the glomerular capsule

A

renal corpuscle

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57
Q

leads into the renal corpuscle

A

afferent arteriole

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58
Q

leaves the renal corpuscle.

A

efferent arteriole

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59
Q

which monitors blood pressure and secretes renin, is formed from modified cells in the afferent arteriole and the ascending limb of the nephron loop.

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

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60
Q

small tube, about 25 cm long, that carries urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

A

ureters

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61
Q

It descends from the renal pelvis, along the posterior abdominal wall, which is behind the parietal peritoneum, and enters the urinary bladder on the posterior inferior surface

A

ureter

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62
Q

three layers of ureter

A

fibrous coat
muscular coat
mucosa

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63
Q

supporting layer of fibrous connective tissue.

A

fibrous coat

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64
Q

consists of the inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

A

muscular coat

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65
Q

Main function is peristalsis to propel the urine

A

muscular coat

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66
Q

transitional epithelium that is continuous with the lining of the renal pelvis and the urinary bladder

A

mucosa

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67
Q

secretes mucus, which coats and protects the surface of the cells.

A

mucosa

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68
Q

temporary storage reservoir for urine. It is located in the pelvic cavity, posterior to the symphysis pubis, and below the
parietal peritoneum.

A

urinary bladder

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69
Q

Size and shape varies with the amount of urine it contains and with the pressure it receives from surrounding organs

A

urinary bladder

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70
Q

lining is a mucous membrane of what kind of epithelium that is continuous with the ureters

A

transitional epithelium

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71
Q

numerous folds of the mucosa when the bladder is empty

A

rugae

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72
Q

allow the bladder to expand as it fills

A

rugae and transitional epithelium

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73
Q

second layer of urinary bladder that supports the mucous membrane

A

submucosa

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74
Q

composed of connective tissue with elastic fibers

A

submucosa

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75
Q

layer of the urinary bladder composed of smooth muscle

A

muscularis

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76
Q

interwoven in all directions and, collectively, these are called wherein its contraction expels urine from the bladder

A

detrusor muscle

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77
Q

outer layer of the bladder on the superior surface

A

parietal peritoneum

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78
Q

outer layer of the bladder except the superior surface

A

fibrous connective tissue

79
Q

triangular area formed by three openings in the floor of the urinary bladder.

A

trigone

80
Q

Two of the openings are from the ureters and form the base of the trigone

A

trigone

81
Q

small flaps of this cover the openings of the trigone and act as valves that allow urine to enter the bladder but prevent it from backing up from the bladder into the ureters

A

mucosa

82
Q

where the third opening is located, opening into the urethra

A

apex

83
Q

band of detrusor muscle encircles the opening to form the

A

internal urethral sphincter

84
Q

a thin-walled tube that conveys urine from the floor of the urinary bladder to the outside.

A

urethra

85
Q

Its wall also contains smooth muscle fibers and is supported by connective tissue.

A

urethra

86
Q

urethra is short, only 3 to 4 cm (about 1.5 inches) long

what sex

A

female

87
Q

urethra is much longer, about 20 cm (7 to 8 inches) in length, and transports both urine and semen

what sex

A

male

88
Q

opening of urethra to the outside

A

external urethral orifice

89
Q

skeletal (voluntary) muscle and encircles the urethra where it goes through the pelvic floor

A

external urethral sphincter

90
Q

mucosal lining of the urethra is made out of this

A

transitional epithelium

91
Q

surrounds the beginning of the urethra, where it leaves the urinary bladder.

A

internal urethral sphincter

92
Q

smooth (involuntary) muscle.

A

internal urethral sphincter

93
Q

The external urethral orifice opens to the outside just anterior to the opening for the

A

vagina

94
Q

the first part, next to the urinary bladder, passes through the prostate gland and is called the

A

prostatic urethra

95
Q

The second part, a short region that penetrates the pelvic floor and enters the penis, is called the

A

membranous urethra

96
Q

third and longest region, This portion of the urethra extends the entire length of the penis, and the external urethral orifice opens to the outside at the tip of the penis.

A

spongy urethra

97
Q

consist of two kidneys and two ureters, a urinary bladder and urethra

A

urinary system

98
Q

urinary system function

A

Regulation of plasma ion composition
▪
Regulation of blood pH (with lung)
▪
Production of hormones
▪
Excretion of waste

99
Q

blood becomes this when CO2 in the body decreases

A

acidic

100
Q

highly distensible due to the presence of transitional epithelium

A

urinary bladder

101
Q

carry filtered blood after it flows through the kidney through the renal artery

A

renal vein

102
Q

divided into cortex (outer portion), medulla (inner portion

A

kidney

103
Q

contain renal pyramids and renal columns (latin word for middle)

A

medulla

104
Q

where urine goes into, edges are made of major and minor calyces

A

renal pelvis

105
Q

have 20-25% resting cardiac output goes through kidneys

A

renal blood supply

106
Q

blood not engaged in direct circulation

A

resting cardiac output

107
Q

nephrons grouped at pyramids

A

capillaris units

108
Q

study the pathway for urinary system

A

L&R renal arteries (segmental > arcuate > interlobular) > afferent arterioles > glomerulus (capillary network) > efferent arterioles > peritubular capillaries > interlobular veins > arcuate veins > interlobar vein > renal vein

109
Q

unit of renal function: corpuscle and tubule

A

nephrons

110
Q

study path of blood flow

A

page 5

111
Q

forms filtrate

A

corpuscle

112
Q

study filtrate pathway

A

Glomerulus and glomerular capsule (cortex) -> proximal convoluted tubule (cortex) -> descending loop of henle (into medulla) -> ascending loop of henle (into medulla)
-> distal convoluted tubule (cortex) -> collecting duct -> minor calyx

113
Q

preliminary state of urine

A

filtrate

114
Q

also known as bowman’s capsule

A

glomerular capsucle

115
Q

called this because it runs along the corticomedullary junction

A

arcuate artery

116
Q

3 basic operation

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

117
Q

filter plasma

A

glomerular filtration

118
Q

reabsorb needed compounds & water from filtrate

A

tubular reabsorption

119
Q

secrete some materials into filtrate

A

tubular secretion

120
Q

products of secretion in the urine

A

ammonia and urea

121
Q

two layers of capsule surround glomerulus, between is capsular space

A

glomerular filtration

122
Q

support capillary epithelium

A

podocytes

123
Q

also called albuminuria, is elevated protein in the urine. It is not a disease in and of itself but a symptom of certain conditions affecting the kidneys.

A

proteinuria

124
Q

blood pressure for filtration

A

filtration pressure

125
Q

opposes filtration pressure

A

colloid osmotic pressure and capsular pressure

126
Q

diameters adjust to maintain a net filtration pressure

A

efferent and afferent arteriole

127
Q

change in width with small changes in blood pressure

A

efferent and afferent arterioles

128
Q

conventional kidney function test

A

glomerular filtration rate

129
Q

➢105-125 ml/min (normal values)
➢Measured by injection of radioisotope to be detected by a conventional x-ray
➢Determines net reabsorption because it determine filtrate flow
➢ANP increases GFR
➢Vasoconstriction decreases GFR

A

glomerular filtration rate

130
Q

exerts a vasodilator effect on the kidney and also reduces tubular reabsorption of sodium

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

131
Q

in this there is a bout ~65% Na+ + H2O, normally 100% nutrients and about ~100% HCO3- depending on blood pH

A

proximal tubule

132
Q

➢There is an active transport of soutes
➢Osmosis moves water
➢Cells distal to proximal tubule fine tune reabsorption under control

A

proximal tubule

133
Q

takes place all along tubule, major substances include H+, K+, ammonia, urea, creatine, drugs like penicillin

A

tubular secretion

134
Q

➢Helps regulate plasma pH 7.35-7.45
➢If diet is acid, urine is typically acidic

A

tubular secretion

135
Q

collecting duct to calyces > ureter > bladder > urethra

A

urine route

136
Q

stimulates NaCl in proximal tubule

A

angiotensin II

137
Q

increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in DCT and CD

A

aldosterone

138
Q

the more of this absorbed, the more water

A

Ion

139
Q

increases GFR and inhibits aldosterone action -> less NA+ reabsorbed

A

ANP

140
Q

responds to increased concentration of solute in blood + fall in blood pressure

A

antidiuretic hormone

141
Q

➢
Important to body water balance
➢Increased concentration of solute in blood + fall in bp causes this to increase
➢Without this, DCT and CD walls are impermeable to water causing a dilution to urine
➢With this, water reabsorption occurs, causing a concentrated urine

A

antidiuretic hormone

142
Q

about 1-2L per day are created

A

urine

143
Q

95% water, urea, K+, ammonia, uric acid, Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, sulfate, phosphate, and Ca2+

A

urine

144
Q

study pathway page 7

A

+1

145
Q

lined with mucus, transitional epithelium, pass under bladder and a full bladder prevents backflow

A

ureter

146
Q

directly infront the rectum, can stretch (700-800ml), smaller in females because of uterus, three layers of detrusor muscle

A

bladder

147
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

urethra

148
Q

term for urination

A

micturition

149
Q

autonomic reflex, responds to stretch like rectum

A

internal sphincter

150
Q

detrusor muscle contraction is what

parasympathetic/sympathetic

A

parasympathetic

151
Q

conscious control what kind of sphincter

A

external sphincter

152
Q

during this, kidneys shrink, decreasing in capacity
➢Thirst increases leading to dehydration
➢Lead to more UTIs
➢Both suffer from nocturia

A

aging

153
Q

lead to prostate enlargement, frequent urination and slow flow

A

male aging

154
Q

more prone to leakage of external sphincter (incontinence)

A

female aging

155
Q

the need for patients to get up at night on a regular basis to urinate

A

nocturia

156
Q

E.g.sodium, potassium,
calcium, and magnesium

A

plasma ion coomposition

157
Q

hormone produced in urinary system

A

erythropoietin

158
Q
  • counts the RBCs that passes through the organ, prompted to produce
    erythropoietin to make the bone marrow to produce new RBCs to compensate
    for the low RBC count
A

kidney

159
Q

to increase CO2, ____ acid is broken down (excess carbon dioxide in blood plasma)

A

carbonic

160
Q

makes the blood acidic in nature

A

carbonic aicd

161
Q

part is situated in the cortex,
part is situated in the medulla

A

nephrons

162
Q

haped like a funnel, where
all the collecting tubules of urine converges, urine travels
through the apex of the renal pyrami

A

renal pyramids

163
Q

passageway for blood vessels
to penetrate the kidney

A

renal column

164
Q

where the renal artery goes to
starting point where blood filtration begin

A

renal cortex

165
Q

: where renal artery,
renal vein, and renal tubule
pass through

A

renal hilum

166
Q

kidney > dissecting dish > ___ plane

A

sagittal

167
Q

kidney > inside the body > ____ plane

A

coronal

168
Q

concave
side is the location of

A

renal hilum

169
Q

pertains to the blood that left the heart that is not actively engaged in gaseous exchange

A

cardiac output

170
Q

venous side of renal blood supply starts where

A

peritubular capillaries

171
Q

blood vessles that run across the tubules

A

peritubular capillaries

172
Q

last artery if there is no glomerulus

A

renal arteries

173
Q

small arteries that branch off renal arteries (4)

A

segmental
interlobar
arcuate
interlobular

174
Q

point of entry for glomerulus

A

afferent arterioles

175
Q

refers to the direction wherein the group of vessels that arcs into the renal pyramid

A

arc

176
Q

where filtration begins (outside going into the cortex)

A

renal arteries

177
Q

where filtered blood is produced

A

corpuscle

178
Q

collection of peritubular capillaries

A

glomerulus

179
Q

glomerulus and PCT are part of what

A

cortex

180
Q

Loop of henle is part of what

A

medulla

181
Q

DCT is part of what

A

cortex

182
Q

reabsorption is needed because the ___ cannot distinguish

A

glomerulus

183
Q

fine tuned (where nitrogenous waste are delivered)

A

tubular secretion

184
Q

has sensory cells (J-G Cells)

A

ascending limb of loop of henle

185
Q

detect whether the person is producing
adequate urine (causes AA to dilate to
enter)

A

jackstone glomerular cells

186
Q

where “clean” blood
comes out

A

efferent arteriole

187
Q

why is the afferent arteriole thicker?

A

> there is need to build up pressure inside the glomerulus
volume of blood is lower when it comes out the efferent
arteriole

188
Q

people who undergo dialysis suffer from ____

A

hypotension

189
Q

not directly attributed to excess consumption of salt (more associated with hypertension)

A

kidney stones

190
Q

where actual blood filtration takes place

A

glomerulus

191
Q
  • lining of the glomerulus is made out of this
A

simple squamous epithelium

192
Q

can detect renal cyst (benign in
nature), enlargement of renal corpuscle (obstruction of nephrons)

A

CT scan

193
Q

the squamous cell (squamous cell carcinoma), divided abnormally and very fast

A

RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

194
Q

under normal conditions, urine can have 0-1 squamous cells (indication is normal) but detection of squamous cells (more than 1, too numerous to count) indicate physical injury of glomerulus

> may indicate urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

URINARLYSIS

195
Q

excess amount of calcium and oxalates

A

kidney stones

196
Q

much of the reabsorption takes place here

A

PCT

General Physiology (15 decks)

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