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Human Physiology > Urinary & Renal System > Flashcards

Urinary & Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the seven general functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Regulate blood volume & electrolytes
  2. Removal of urea from the bloodstream
  3. Conserving nutrients
  4. Regulate acid-base balance
  5. Regulate blood pressure
  6. Calcium homeostasis
  7. Production of erythropoietin & renin
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2
Q

What are the glands that sit on top of each kidney?

A

Adrenal glands

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3
Q

The kidneys sit behind the intestines. Layers of fat and fascia surround the kidneys to protect them from injury. What are these three layers from inside to outside?

A
  1. Fibrous capsule
  2. Perineal fat
  3. Retrorenal fascia
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4
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

A special capillary bed that is adapted for filtration

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5
Q

What arteriole supplies each glomerulus?

A

A wide afferent arteriole

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6
Q

What arteriole drains each glomerulus?

A

A narrow efferent arteriole

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7
Q

What volume of blood passes through glomeruli each minute?

A

Approximately 1200ml

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8
Q

What is the path of urine, starting at the glomerulus?

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s capsule
  3. Proximal CT
  4. Loop of Henle
  5. Distal CT
  6. Collecting tubule
  7. Collecting duct
  8. Calyces
  9. Renal pelvis
  10. Ureter
  11. Urinary bladder
  12. Urethra
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9
Q

What are the three functions of a nephron?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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10
Q

During glomerular filtration, what do endothelial fenestrations let through?

A

Everything but cells

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11
Q

During glomerular filtration, what do slit diaphragms, glomerular basement membrane, and glyocalyx let through?

A

Everything but protein

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12
Q

During glomerular filtration, what does the glomerular filtrate let through?

A

Plasma without protein (mainly albumin) or cells

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13
Q

What is the normal glomerular filtration rate?

A

120-125ml per minute is forced into the renal tubules in both kidneys

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14
Q

What three things is GFR controlled by?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction of arterioles
  2. Contraction state of glomerular mesangial cells
  3. Filtration membrane permeability (podocytes)
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15
Q

What two regions of the kidney support the structure of nephrons?

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
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16
Q

The capillary structure at the end of a renal artery is called what?

A

The glomerulus

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17
Q

What is the typical urine production?

A

1 ml per minute

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18
Q

What type of cell helps capillary endothelial cells filter blood in the kidney?

A

Podocytes

19
Q

Is glomerular filtration an active or passive process?

A

Passive process

20
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Convey urine from kidneys to the bladder

21
Q

As urine enters the renal pelvis, peristaltic waves that are initiated force urine into the ureter, and the distension of ureter stimulates its contraction. What valves prevent urine from flowing back?

A

Ureterovesical valves

22
Q

The ureter wall has three layers. What are they, from inside to outside?

A
  1. Inner mucosa
  2. Muscular
  3. Outer adventitia
23
Q

How much urine can the bladder hold?

A

500ml (max 1000ml)

24
Q

The bladder has three layers. Starting from the inside, what are they?

A
  1. Mucosa with transitional epithelium
  2. Muscular layer with longitudinal and circular muscles
  3. Fibrous adventitia
25
Q

The urethra has two sphincters; internal and external. Which is made from smooth muscle?

A

Internal urethral sphincter

26
Q

The urethra has two sphincters; internal and external. Which is voluntarily opened to allow urine to pass through?

A

External urethral sphincter

27
Q

The urethra has two sphincters; internal and external. Which involuntarily opens when the bladder reaches a certain set level of distension?

A

Internal urethral sphincter

28
Q

The sensation of needing to urinate happens when what?

A

The internal urethral sphincter opens

29
Q

The prostate is unique to males. What is its function?

A
  1. Produce semen
  2. Control the switch between urination and ejaculation
30
Q

The internal urethral sphincter in males has an additional function in the female. What is it?

A

Stops semen entering bladder during ejaculation

31
Q

The female external urethral sphincter has three parts, unlike the male. What are they?

A
  1. Sphincter urethrae
  2. Urethrovaginal muscle
  3. Compressor urethrae
32
Q

Males have the presence of an extended flexible section after the external sphincter. What is this called?

A

Spongy urethra

33
Q

What nervous system senses bladder stretch, and then relaxes the bladder & internal urethral sphincter?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

34
Q

What nervous system controls the external sphincter, which automatically contracts the bladder?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

35
Q

Urine mainly consists of water and is yellow in colour. Why is this?

A

Due to urobilin, a pigment resulting from haemoglobin breakdown

36
Q

Urine can be used as a diagnostic for dehydration and spread on blood agar to determine what type of bacteria is causing what?

A

Bladder infection

37
Q

What is the definition of water diuresis?

A

Where more water is ingested than the body requires

38
Q

What is the definition of osmotic diuresis?

A

When more solute than normal is excreted

39
Q

What are diuretics?

A

Drugs that increase the excretion of NaCl and water by acting on the kidney

40
Q

How do diuretics indirectly act on the kidney?

A

By modifying the composition of the filtered fluid

41
Q

How do diuretics directly act on the kidney?

A

Act on cells of the nephron, in particular those involved in reabsorption of NaCl

42
Q

What type of diuretic is caffeine?

A

A direct diuretic

43
Q

How does the urinary system maintain homeostasis?

A
  1. Removal of urea (nitrogenous waste) from the bloodstream
  2. Control of water and salt (ion) balance in the bloodstream (osmolarity)
  3. Involved in blood pressure regulation
44
Q
A

Human Physiology (6 decks)

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