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chemistry > using resources > Flashcards

using resources Flashcards

1
Q

humans rely on the earths resources for…

A

warmth, feul and food

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2
Q

where do all of our resources come from (3)

A
  • atmosphere
  • earths crust
  • oceans
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3
Q

renewable resource example

A

timber

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4
Q

non renewable resource example

A

metal ores

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5
Q

non renewable resources must be handled with …

A

care

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6
Q

what do we rely more on now because of less natural resources available

A

agriculture

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7
Q

what does water naturally contain

A

microorganisms and salts

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8
Q

to be safe to drink, what needs to be at low levels

A

salts

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9
Q

what does fresh water contain

A

low levels of dissolved salts

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10
Q

what is potable water

A

water of a good quality that is safe to drink

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11
Q

4 steps for making potable water and what are 2 alternatives for step 3

A
  1. fresh water collected from a suitable source
  2. passed through a filter bed to remove solids
  3. chlorine gas is added to kill any microorganisms
  4. fluoride is added to water to reduce tooth decay

alternative methods:
- ozone and ultraviolet light can be used to steralize

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12
Q

if fresh water is limited what can happen

A

sea water can be desalinated

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13
Q

what are 2 ways to turn sea water into pure water by desalination

A
  • reverse osmosis
  • distillation
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14
Q

what is distillation

A
  • boiling the water
  • condense to produce pure liquid water
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15
Q

what are 3 examples where waste water is produced

A
  • industry
  • agriculture
    -homes
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16
Q

what needs to happen to waste water before being released into the environment

A

treated

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17
Q

what are 3 things within waste water

A
  • toxic chemicals
  • organic matter
  • harmful microorganisms
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18
Q

what are the 4 steps of waste water treatment

A
  1. screening and grit removal
  2. sedimentation to produce sludge and effluent
  3. anaerobic digestion of sludge
  4. aerobic biological treatment of effluent
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19
Q

why is copper useful (4)

A
  • good conductor
  • can be bent
  • doesn’t react with oxygen
  • is strong
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20
Q

how is copper extracted (3)

A
  • electrolysis from copper salts
  • from copper rich ores by smelting
  • by displacement using iron
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21
Q

what is happening to copper ores

A

running out

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22
Q

what are 2 alternative methods of extracting copper

A

photomining
bioleaching

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23
Q

whats photomining

A

as plants grow they absorb copper, the plants are burned and the ash contains copper

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24
Q

whats bioleaching

A
  • solution containing bacteria is mixed with allow grade ore
  • the bacteria convert the copper into a leachate solution
  • copper is easily extracted from the s
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25
Q

whats the solution called that’s created from bleaching

A

leachate solution

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26
Q

advantages of bioleaching

A

no need for high temps

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27
Q

disadvantages of bioleaching

A

produces toxic substances which damages the environment

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28
Q

advantages of photomining

A

conserves limited supply of more valuable ores

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29
Q

disadvantage of photomining

A

slow
burning is bad for the environment

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30
Q

whats corrosion

A

when metals react with oxygen and water

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31
Q

whats corrosion prevented by ( 3 )

A
  • painting
  • greasing
  • electroplating
32
Q

whats sacrificial protection

A

a leader of more reactive metal placed in contact with the metal

33
Q

how does sacrificial protection work

A

the more reactive metal reacts and looses electrons instead of the metal

34
Q

whats galvanising

A

used to protect steel against corrosion, its coated in zinc to stop the oxygen and water reaching the steel

35
Q

what happens when galvanisation is scratched

A

sacrificial protection still occurs

36
Q

what type of solid is glass

A

non crystallite

37
Q

what are the 2 types of glass

A
  • soda lime glass
  • borosilicate glass
38
Q

whats soda lime glass made by

A

heating sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

39
Q

whats the uses for soda lime glass

A

windows

40
Q

whats borosilicate glass made by

A

heating sand, boron trioxide

41
Q

whats the uses for borosilicate glass

A

chemical glassware, cooking glass, headlights

42
Q

what are composite materials

A

2 materials with different properties

43
Q

how are composite materials made

A

2 objects combined together to produce a material with improved properties

44
Q

why type of ceramics is pottery

A

clay ceramics

45
Q

how is pottery made

A

shaping wet clay and heating in a furnace to remove the water and make it harder and stronger

46
Q

whats an LCA used for

A

asses the environmental impacts of a product over its whole lifetime

47
Q

what do scientists measure the impacts of for the LCA ( 6 ) `

A
  • extracting raw materials
  • processing raw materials
  • manufacturing
  • how its used
  • how its transported
  • how its disposed of
48
Q

why do objects need to be recycled ( 3 )

A
  • save money and energy
  • make sure natural resources are not wasted
  • reduce damage to the environment via extraction
49
Q

metals, glass and plastics made from crude oil are produced from…

A

limited resources

50
Q

how can waste glass be reused

A

melted and reused

51
Q

how can waste plastic be recycled

A

recycled to make fleece materials

52
Q

how can metals be reused

A

melted and made into new objects

53
Q

what type of reaction is the haber process ( 2 )

A
  • reversible
  • exothermic
54
Q

what is the use of the haber process

A
  • make ammonia
55
Q

why is ammonia needed

A
  • used for nitrogen based fertilisers
56
Q

what is needed to create ammonia

A
  • nitrogen and phdrogen
57
Q

where can we get purified nitrogen

A

fractional distillation of air

58
Q

where can we get hydrogen

A

natural gas or steam

59
Q

what conditions are needed for the hater process

A

moderate temperatures
high pressure

60
Q

how can ammonia be extracted

A

by cooling

61
Q

is all of the reactants in the hater process used up, if not what happens to them

A

no
they are recycled

62
Q

if the haber process happened at a high temp what would happen

A
  • quicker rate of reaction
  • Lower yield
63
Q

if the haber process happened at a low temp what would happen

A
  • slower rate of reaction
  • higher yield
64
Q

why is high pressure important in the haber process

A

encourages a high yield

65
Q

why is an iron catalyst important in the haber process

A

increases the rate or reaction without having an effect n equilibrium or yield

66
Q

what are NPK fertalisers used for

A

replacing essential elements in soil used up when plants grow

67
Q

what is in NPK fertilisers

A

formulations of salts or nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium that are mixed together ti give the appropriate amount of each element

68
Q

how do NPK fertilisers get absorbed

A

through roots

69
Q

whats ammonia

A

alkane gas

70
Q

what happens when ammonia is added to water

A

dissolves

71
Q

what happens when ammonia is oxidised

A

produce nitric acid

72
Q

what can ammonia neutralise to create

A

ammonium nitrate

73
Q

whats ammonium nitrate used for

A

fertiliser

74
Q

whats an example of soluble fertilisers

A

potassium chloride and potassium sulphate

75
Q

is phosphate rock soluble

A

no

76
Q

how can phosphate rock be processed

A
  • treated with nitric acid ti produce phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate. neutralised with ammonia to create ammonium phosphate
  • reacted with sulphuric acid to make single superphosphate
  • reacted with phosphoric acid to produce triple superphosphate
77
Q

what is superphosphate

A

calcium phosphate

chemistry (5 decks)

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