UW test 8 Flashcards
What are some surprising manifestations of severe asthma attacks, and how would they be treated?
severe asthma may cause pulsus paradoxus. to treat severe asthma, give a beta 2 agonist.
Why is round-the-clock nitrate administration a bad idea?
it causes rapid development of tolerance to the drug. you must provide a nitrate free interval everyday. usually nitrate free time should be scheduled for the night because that is when cardiac work will be lowest.
hydrocele, including anatomy.
hydroceles occur when serous fluid collects within the TUNICA VAGINALIS. during embryogenesis, the testis descends through the inguinal canal and draws some peritoneum into the scrotum with it. conenital hydrocele results when the processus vaginalis remains patent.
Causes of pulsus paradoxus
cardiac tamponade, ASTHMA, obstructive sleep apnea, pericarditis, and croup
What are the important ligaments of the ovary?
ovarian ligament: connects the medial ovary to lateral uterus and derived from the gubernaculum
suspensory ligament/ infundibulopelvic ligament: connects ovaries to pelvic wall and contains the ovarian vessels.
What are the important uterine and cervical ligaments?
cardinal ligament connects the cervix to the side wall of the pelvis and contains the uterine vessels
round ligament connects the uterine fundus to the labial majora and is derived from the gubernaculum.
broad ligament: contains, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries and connects them to the pelvic wall. also contains the round ligament.
What factors influence the rate of transfer of inhaled anesthetic?
- partial pressure in inspired gas.
- pulmonary ventilation rate (higher rate = more gas tension in alveoli)
- solubility of anesthetic in the blood: higher solubility means slower onset of action because more must be absorbed by the blood before it can be effectively transferred to other tissues
- solubility of anesthetic in the peripheral tissues also negatively affects brain saturation.
exonuclease vs. endonuclease; what is the important DNA exonuclease in prokaryotic cells?
exonucleases remove nucleotides from the end of a DNA molecule. endonucleases cut DNA at specific DNA sequences within the molecule.
All DNA pols have proofreading abilities and remove mismatched nucleotides via 3’ to 5’ activity. DNA pol I has a 5’ to 3’ exonuclease that is used to excise and replace RNA primers and damaged DNA sequences.
stapholococcal defensive proteins
protein A is part of the S aureus wall and binds nonspecifically with Fc portion of IgG at the complement binding site to prevent complement activation and impair opsonization.
H. flu culture
requires factor X (hematin) and factor V (NAD+) to support growth. you can grow H flu with S. aureus on sheep agar because S aureus will lyse the RBCs in the medium and release hematin, and NAD+/V factor is actively secreted.
Side effects of typical antipsychotics
all can cause EPS, endocrine effects, and anti-cholinergic and anti-histamine, and anti-alpha 1 effects. can all also cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome and tardive dyskinesia.
chlropromazine causes corneal deposits
thioridazine causes retinal deposits.
side effects of atypical antipsychotics
olanzapien and clozapine cause the worst weight gain.
clozapine can also cause agranulocytosis and seizure. respiradone causes the most prolactin release. ziprasidone causes prologued QT.
What is rT3?
reverse T3. it comes from T4, which can be converted to T3 (active) or T4 (inactive). this conversion occurs via deiodonase activity. T3 cannot be converted to T4 or rT3.
Define temporal summation, spatial summation, length constant, and time constant
summation refers to the additive effects of multiple postsynaptic potentials on a target neuron’s membrane potential. summation can occur in dendrites, cell body, and axon hillock but NOT the axon. temporal summation refers to effects of sequential impulses from the same neuron over time. spatial summation is simultaneous impulses from multiple neurons.
length constant: how far along the axon an electrical impulse can propagate. it is the distance at which the potential decreases to to 37% of its original amplitude. MS will decrease the length constant.
time constant: time it takes for a change in membrane potential to achieve the new value. lower time constants allow quicker changes in membrane potential. myelination reduces the time constant. MS will increase the time constant.
histo of ovary, Fallopian tube, and uteurs
ovary: simple cuboidal
Fallopian tube: simple columnar
uterus: simple pseudostratified columnar
(endocervis is simple columnar)
