Vaccination

Question 1

Question: What is artificial active immunity, and how is it triggered?

Answer 1

Answer: Artificial active immunity refers to immunity that is artificially triggered by the injection of antigens into the body, such as through vaccination.

Question 2

Question: What are the types of vaccines based on their composition?

Answer 2

Answer:

Living Attenuated Microorganisms: These vaccines contain living microorganisms that are weakened or attenuated, meaning they can multiply but do not cause symptoms. They stimulate the body’s immune system but are more likely to produce side effects. An example is the rubella vaccine.
Dead (Killed) Microorganisms: These vaccines contain dead microorganisms that are harmless but still induce immunity. Examples include vaccines for typhoid, cholera, and whooping cough.
Genetically Engineered Microorganisms: These vaccines involve transferring antigens from harmful organisms to harmless ones. The antigens are then grown in fermenters and purified. An example is the hepatitis B vaccine.

Question 3

Question: What distinguishes living attenuated microorganism vaccines from dead microorganism vaccines?

Answer 3

Answer: Living attenuated microorganism vaccines contain weakened but living microorganisms that can multiply but do not cause symptoms, whereas dead microorganism vaccines contain harmless, killed microorganisms that induce immunity without causing disease.

Question 4

Question: What are some factors contributing to successful vaccination programs?

Answer 4

Answer:
1. Availability of Suitable Vaccines: Successful vaccination programs require access to vaccines that are both suitable for the target population and economically available in sufficient quantities.

2. Minimal Side Effects: Vaccines with few side effects are crucial for acceptance and compliance within the population.
3. Production, Storage, and Transportation: Efficient means of producing, storing, and transporting vaccines are necessary to ensure their availability and effectiveness.
4. Proper Administration: Adequate infrastructure and trained personnel are needed to administer vaccines properly and at the appropriate time.
5. High Vaccination Coverage: Successful vaccination programs aim to vaccinate the vast majority of the population to achieve herd immunity, thereby reducing the overall risk of disease transmission within the community.

Question 5

Question: What is the herd immunity effect?

Answer 5

Answer: The herd immunity effect refers to the phenomenon where immunizing a sufficiently large number of people protects an entire population from the spread of a particular disease.

Question 6

Question: What factors influence the required percentage of population coverage for herd immunity?
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Answer 6

Answer: The required percentage of population coverage for herd immunity varies depending on factors such as population density, method of disease transmission, and the biology of the disease itself

Question 7

Question: What are some reasons why vaccination may fail to induce immunity in some individuals?

Answer 7

Answer:

Disease Development and Reinfection: Some individuals may develop the disease despite vaccination and can subsequently reinfect others.

Pathogen Mutation: Pathogens like influenza may mutate frequently, making it challenging to develop effective vaccines.

Variability of Pathogens: Some pathogens, like the common cold virus, exist in so many varieties that it is impractical to develop vaccines for all of them.

Immune Evasion: Certain pathogens can evade the body’s immune system by hiding within cells or in inaccessible areas, such as the intestines, as seen in cholera infections.

Non-Vaccination: Some individuals may choose not to get vaccinated due to religious, ethical, or medical reasons, contributing to gaps in immunity within the population.