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PHA 411 > Vaccines and Sera > Flashcards

Vaccines and Sera Flashcards

1
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

Natural immunity encompasses immunity that is
acquired during any normal biological experiences of
an individual but not through medical intervention

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2
Q

What is artificial immunity?

A

Artificial immunity is protection from infection
obtained through medical procedures

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3
Q

What is unique about active immunity?

A

The individual develops his own immune response.

  • Immune stimulus
  • → Activates specific lymphocytes
  • → Immune response –> Abs (Antibodies)
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4
Q

Give the characteristics of active immunity

A

Characteristics:
* Essential attribute of an immunocompetent individual
* Creates a memory, ready for quick action upon reexposure to that same microbe
* Requires several days to develop
* Can last for a relatively long time
* Can happen through natural or artificial means

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4
Q

What is unique about passive immunity?

A

Immune substances (Abs) that were produced actively
by the immune system of another human or animal
donor or synthetically made

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5
Q

State the demerit of passive immunity

A

Short-term effectiveness because antibodies
have a limited period of function.

Ultimately, the
recipient’s body disposes of them

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5
Q

State the benefit of passive immunity

A

Immediate onset of protection

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of passive immunity?

A
  • No memory for the original antigen
  • You’re just simply providing antibodies to clear
    microbial infections
  • No production of new antibodies against that disease
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7
Q

Passive immunity can only occur by artificial means. T or F

A

False. Can happen through natural or artificial mean

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8
Q

What are the differences between vaccines and antisera?

A
  1. Vaccines are harmless antigens of otherwise
    pathogenic organisms that stimulate the production
    of antibodies when administered while Antisera or immunoglobulins are antibodies derived from a
    human or animal
  2. Vaccines typically
    require a latent period of one to several weeks while antisera provide immediate protection upon
    administration
  3. Vaccines serve as active immunization while antisera offer passive immunization.
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9
Q

Vaccines provide an _____ that does not
cause disease but can produce long lasting, protective
______.

A

antigenic stimulus, immunity

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10
Q

What are the 5 types of vaccines?

A
  1. Inactivated (killed vaccines)
  2. Attenuated live vaccines
  3. Toxoid vaccines
  4. Recombinant vector vaccines
    a. Subunit vaccines
    b. DNA Vaccines
    c. Conjugate vaccines
  5. mRNA (New type of vaccine – e.g COVID 19 vaccine
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11
Q

What type of vaccine is the COVID-19 vaccine

A

mRNA

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12
Q

What type of vaccine are measles and BCG (tuberculosis) vaccines?

A

Live attenuated vaccines

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13
Q

What type of vaccine is smallpox variola vaccine?

A

Live vaccine

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14
Q

What type of vaccine are mumps and rubella vaccines?

A

Live attenuated

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15
Q

What type of vaccine are oral polio (OPV) and yellow fever vaccines?

A

Live attenuated

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16
Q

What type of vaccine are intranasal influenza, oral typhoid and typhus vaccines?

A

Live attenuated

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17
Q

What type of vaccine are typhoid and cholera vaccines?

A

Inactivated (killed)

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18
Q

What type of vaccine are pertussis (wP) and plague vaccines?

A

Inactivated (according to Dr Busari’s slide oo)

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19
Q

What type of vaccine are rabies and salk polio (IPV) vaccines?

A

Inactivated

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20
Q

What type of vaccine are intramuscular influenza and Japanese encephalitis vaccines?

A

Inactivated

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21
Q

What type of vaccine are diphtheria and tetanus (TT) vaccines?

A

Toxoid

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22
Q

What type of vaccine are meningiococcal polysaccharide vaccine, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PCV-7, PCV-10, PCV-13), and Hepatits B polypeptide vaccines?

A

Cellular fraction vaccines

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23
Q

What type of vaccine is Hepatits B vaccine?

A

Recombinant

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24
Q

Inactivated vaccines are not alive and cannot
replicate. T or F

A

True

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25
Q

A divided dose of antigen is administered in the
injection for inactivated vaccine. T or F

A

False. The entire dose of antigen is administered in the injection for inactivated vaccine

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26
Q

Inactivated vaccines are still immunogenic. T or F

A

True

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27
Q

Inactivated antigens are less affected by circulating
antibody than are live agents, so they may be given when antibody is present in the blood. T or F

A

True

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28
Q

Inactivated vaccines always require multiple doses. T or F

A

True

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29
Q

First dose of inactivated vaccine offers protective response while the
second or third dose primes the immune system. T or F

A

False. First dose primes the immune system while the
second or third dose offers the protective response

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30
Q

Why do inactivated vaccines have low immunogenicity?

A

Only Ab (antibody) induced, adjuvant
required

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31
Q

To produce an immune response, live attenuated
vaccines must replicate (grow) in the vaccinated
person. T or F

A

True

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32
Q

Can circulating antibodies make live vaccines ineffective?

A

Anything that either damages the live organism in the vial (e.g., heat, light) or interferes with replication of the organism in the body (circulating antibody) can cause the vaccine to be ineffective.

33
Q

Can live attenuated vaccines cause disease?

A

They usually don’t but when they do, it is usually mild and referred to as an
adverse reaction.

34
Q

Live vaccines produce an immune response similar to that produced
by a natural infection. T or F

A

True

35
Q

Live vaccines require only a single administration to
elicit a protective immune response except?

A

MMR or varicella vaccines and a second dose is
recommended to provide a very high level of
immunity in the population.

36
Q

When will live attenuated vaccines cause severe or fatal complications?

A

Occurs in persons with immunodeficiency

37
Q

Which vaccine makes use of epitopes (the very
specific parts of the antigen that antibodies or T cells recognize and bind to)

A

Subunit vaccines

38
Q

Scientists manufacture subunit vaccines by one of two ways. What are they?

A
  1. They can grow the microbe in the laboratory and then use chemicals to break it apart and gather the important antigens
  2. They can manufacture the antigen molecules from the microbe using recombinant DNA technology.
    Vaccines produced this way are called “recombinant
    subunit vaccines
39
Q

A recombinant subunit vaccine has been made for the hepatitis A virus. T or F

A

False. A recombinant subunit vaccine has been made for the hepatitis B virus.

40
Q

What vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness?

A

Toxoid

41
Q

Scientists have found that they can inactivate toxins
by treating them with ____, a solution of
formaldehyde and sterilized water

A

Formalin

42
Q

What vaccines are developed against bacteria that possess an outer polysaccharide coating which helps to disguise the bacteria antigen?

A

Conjugated vaccines

43
Q

The vaccine that protects against Haemophilus
influenzae type B (Hib) is a _____ vaccine

A

Conjugate vaccine

44
Q

Can DNA vaccines cause disease?

A

The DNA vaccine couldn’t cause the disease
because it wouldn’t contain the microbe, just copies
of a few of its genes

45
Q

So-called _____ consist of DNA that is
administered directly into the body

A

naked DNA vaccines

46
Q

Naked DNA vaccines being tested in humans include
those against the viruses that cause ___ and ____

A

influenza and
herpes

47
Q

________ are experimental vaccines similar to DNA vaccines.

A

Recombinant Vector Vaccines

48
Q

______ is used to insert an ______ gene into the
body cells in recombinant vaccine

A

Adenovirus, influenza virus

49
Q

The period of maintained immunity due to vaccines for cholera is?

A

Short period (months)

50
Q

The period of maintained immunity due to vaccines for TAB vaccine is?

A

Two years

51
Q

The period of maintained immunity due to vaccines for DPT vaccine is?

A

Three to five years

52
Q

The period of maintained immunity due to vaccines for yellow fever vaccine is?

A

Ten years

53
Q

The period of maintained immunity due to vaccines for measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines is?

A

Solid immunity

54
Q

How do mRNA vaccines work?

A

They teach our cells how to make a protein—or
even just a piece of a protein—that triggers an
immune response inside our bodies

55
Q

The AstraZeneca COVID vaccine is what type of vaccine?

A

Viral vector (genetically modified)

56
Q

The Moderna COVID vaccine is what type of vaccine?

A

RNA (part of virus genetic code)

57
Q

The Pfizer COVID vaccine is what type of vaccine?

A

RNA

58
Q

The Gamaleya (Sputnik V) COVID vaccine is what type of vaccine?

A

Viral vector

59
Q

What are the routes of administration of vaccines?

A

Deep subcutaneous or intramuscular route (most
vaccines)

*Oral route (sabine vaccine, oral BCG vaccine)

*Intradermal route (BCG vaccine)

  • Scarification (small pox vaccine)

*Intranasal route (live attenuated influenza vaccine)

60
Q

Yellow fever vaccine has what level of protectiveness?

A

Absolutely protective(100%)

61
Q

Variola,
measles, mumps, rubella vaccines, and diphtheria
and tetanus toxoids have what level of protectiveness?

A

Almost absolutely protective (99%)

62
Q

Polio, BCG, Hepatitis B,
and pertussis vaccines have what level of protectiveness?

A

Highly protective (80-95%)

63
Q

TAB, cholera
vaccine, and influenza killed vaccine have what level of protectiveness?

A

Moderately protective (40-60%)

64
Q

What vaccines fall under primary vaccination?

A

*One dose vaccines (BCG, variola, measles, mumps,
rubella, yellow fever)
*Multiple dose vaccines (polio, DPT, hepatitis B)

65
Q

Which vaccines require a booster shot?

A

COVID-19, DT, MMR

66
Q

What are the hazards of immunisation?

A
  1. Reactions inherent to inoculation
  2. Reactions due to faulty techniques
  3. Hypersensitivity reactions.
  4. Neurological Reactions
  5. Provocative reactions
67
Q

Most killed bacterial vaccines (e.g., typhoid) cause some local and general reactions inherent to inoculation. T or F

A

True

68
Q

Diphtheria and
tetanus toxoids and live polio vaccine cause little
reactions inherent to inoculation. T or F

A

True

69
Q

Some viral vaccines prepared from embryonated eggs
(e.g., influenza) may bring about generalized anaphylactic
reactions. T or F

A

True

70
Q

Serum sickness is characterized by symptoms such as
fever, rash, oedema and joint pains occurring 7 -12 days of injection of antiserum. T or F

A

True

71
Q

The well-known examples of neurological reactions to a vaccine are?

A
  1. Postvaccinial
    encephalitis - rabies vaccine
  2. Encephalopathy - smallpox vaccine
  3. Guillain - Barre syndrome - swine
    influenza vaccine
72
Q

What provocative reaction follows administration of DPT or DT against diphtheria?

A

Polio

73
Q

Which vaccine causes harm to fetuses?

A

Rubella vaccine

74
Q

Before administration of the antiserum or antitoxin, it is
necessary to test for sensitivity reaction. How can this be done?

A

(a) Instilling a drop of the preparation into the
conjunctival sac. A sensitized person will develop
pricking of the conjunctiva.

(b) A more reliable way of testing is by intradermal
injection of 0.2 ml of antiserum diluted 1 : 10 with
saline. A sensitized patient will develop a wheal and
flare within 10 minutes at the site of injection. It should
be borne in mind that these tests are not infallible.

75
Q

What should be kept ready when giving foreign serum?

A

Adrenaline (1: 1000 solution)

76
Q

In the event of anaphylaxis, for an adult, ____ ml of
adrenaline solution should be injected ______
immediately, followed by 0.5 ml every ____ if
the systolic blood pressure is below _____ mm of
mercury.

A

0.5 ml, intramuscularly, 20 minutes, 100

77
Q

What drug is used to minimise the after-effects
such as urticaria or oedema?

A

10-20 mg of chlorpheniramine maleate by the intramuscular route

78
Q

The patient should be observed for 5 minutes after any serum injection. T or F

A

False. The patient should be observed for 30 minutes after
any serum injection

79
Q

_____ is serum obtained from blood
donor volunteers, have been immunized.

A

Homogeneous serum

80
Q

_______ is serum obtained from blood of
animals(horse) hyperimmunized

A

Heterogeneous serum

81
Q

Give examples of anti-sera from horses.

A
  • Tetanus antitoxin
    *Gas gangrane antitoxin
    *Diphtheria antitoxin
    *Anti rabies serum
    *Anti-snake venom polyvalent (cobra, 2 vipers, krait)
82
Q

Give examples of immunoglobulins from humans

A

*Normal human gamma globulin
*Anti-D immune globulin
* Tetanus immune globulin
*Rabies immune globulin
*Hepatitis-B immune globulin

PHA 411 (3 decks)

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