Vaccines/Cardiac Conditions

Question 1

Immunize

Answer 1

Producing a detectable immune response through vaccination

Doesn’t imply protection

Question 2

All of these reasons will contribute to what in terms of vaccines?
Colostral immunity interference
Improper vaccine handling
Improper booster administration
Incubating disease already
Too stressed to respond
Immunity not strong enough to prevent/mitigate disease
NUTRITION

Answer 2

Vaccine failure

Question 3

Where should injections be administered in food animals?

Answer 3

Neck region-the area is less desired for meat consumption

Question 4

There are four claims of a USDA labeled vaccine-what are they? What are examples of vaccines for each claim?

Answer 4

“for the prevention of infection”- Spirovac for Lepto
“for the prevention of disease”- Bovishield for PI prevention
“an aid in the prevention of disease”
“an aid in the control of disease”- Salmonella SRP

Question 5

Which USDA claim is the most common?

Answer 5

Aid in the prevention of disease due to….

Question 6

What is the 6 “F” vaccine rule?

Answer 6

Effective
Functional & Practical
Financially Sound
Federal Mandates
Fatal dz
Frequent dz

Question 7

What are the four types of vaccines?

Answer 7

Inactivated
Subunit
Autogenous
Modified Live

Question 8

What is a subunit vaccine?

Answer 8

Only particular antigens are present, can combine with recombinant techniques

Question 9

What is a autogenous vaccine?

Answer 9

Herd specific vaccines, combined with adjuvant

Question 10

What is an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 10

Killed microorganism- adjuvants provide stability and immunogenicity

Question 11

What are some pros/cons of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 11

Pros: safe for pregnant/immunocompromised animals, no reversion to virulence, longer shelf-life
Cons: need adjuvant/multiple doses, slower onset, more expensive

Question 12

What is a modified live vaccine?

Answer 12

Altered microorganism

Capable of infection and replication

Question 13

What are some pros/cons of modified live vaccines?

Answer 13

Pros: less adverse reactions, stronger/longer-lasting immune response, stimulates innate immunity, more closely mimics natural infection
Cons: potential reversion to virulence, viral replication in preggo/immunocompromised animals

Question 14

What are the 3 goals of vaccination programs?

Answer 14

Maximize herd health, cost-benefit ratio and compliance

Question 15

What is the primary and secondary goal of breeding herd vaccinations?

Answer 15

Primary: maintain solid herd immunity to prevalent pathogens
Secondary: boost innate immunity for calves

Question 16

What is the two-fold goal of replacement heifer vaccinations?

Answer 16

Protect against prevalent threats & provide basis for solid herd immunity

Question 17

What is the primary goal for market calf vaccines?

Answer 17

Immune protection to prevalent disease challenge

Question 18

What are the minimal requirements for replacement heifers in terms of vaccines?

Answer 18

Respiratory viruses: IBR, BVDV, PI3, BRSV
7-way Clostridial
+/- Lepto and Brucella

Question 19

How many doses of killed vaccines must be administered?

Answer 19

2 doses of killed vaccines, 2-4 weeks apart

More complete herd protection

Question 20

When are calf immune systems mature by?

Answer 20

4-5 months old

Maternal AB persist to 3 months

Question 21

Why shouldn’t you vaccinate before 5 months of age?

Answer 21

They will not be protected into adulthood

Question 22

Which type of vaccines are more efficient in protection?

Answer 22

MLV

Question 23

Why must you be careful when vaccinating a pregnant cow with a MLV?

Answer 23

Potential to cross placenta

Question 24

What happens if you give >2 gram negative vaccines at once?

Answer 24

overwhelm immune system and lead to hyperimmunity

Question 25

If a calf is still receiving maternal Ab, what type of responses will you see from the vaccination immunity?

Answer 25

Formation of memory B cells
Increased T cell response
Prolonged Ab titers
Increased disease protection

Question 26

What vaccines should be administered to dairy heifers at:
Weaning (2 months)
Breeding (14 months)
Calving (24 months)

Answer 26

Weaning: 7-way clostridial, MLV resp vaccine, +/- Lepto (repeat in 2-4 weeks)
Breeding: MLV resp vaccine, Lepto bacterin, Clostridial
Calving: E. coli, Scour vaccine