Valves

Question 1

Causes of aortic stenosis?

Answer 1

rheumatic heart dz
congenital bicuspid valve
senile degeneration

Question 2

Dx? crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur loudest at the 2nd R intercostal space c radiation to the carotids

Answer 2

aortic stenosis

Question 3

S4 gallop cause?

Answer 3

LVH

Question 4

Cause of acute aortic insufficiency?

Answer 4

infective endocarditis
aortic dissection
trauma

Question 5

Cause of chronic aortic insufficiency?

Answer 5

rheumatic heart dz
previous endocarditis
calcific degeneration
aortic root dz
tertiary syphilis

Question 6

Dx? high pitched diastolic murmur immediately after S2 at the 2nd R or 3rd L intercostal space best heard c patient leaning forward

Answer 6

aortic insufficiency

Question 7

Dx? de Musset’s sign (head bobbing with each beat)

Answer 7

aortic insufficiency

Question 8

What heart murmur warrants a VDRL test?

Answer 8

aortic insufficiency

Question 9

How does sodium nitroprusside help aortic insufficiency?

Answer 9

it increases CO, reduces regurg, and improves EF

Question 10

What causes mitral stenosis?

Answer 10

rheumatic heart dz

Question 11

Dx? opening snap with diastolic rumble

Answer 11

mitral stenosis

Question 12

Med tx mitral stenosis?

Answer 12

beta-blockers, Ca++ channel blockers

Question 13

Causes acute mitral regurg?

Answer 13

ruptured chordae
ruptured papillary muscle
degeneration
infective endocarditis
trauma
MI

Question 14

Cause chronic mitral regurg?

Answer 14

calcification

Question 15

Dx? holosystolic murmur at apex radiating to L axilla or scapula

Answer 15

mitral regurg

Question 16

Cause mitral valve prolapse?

Answer 16

myxomatous degeneration (congenital)

Question 17

Dx? high pitched, midsystolic click +/- late systolic murmur at the apex; worse with standing or valsalva

Answer 17

mitral valve prolapse