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Pathology > Vascular disorders > Flashcards

Vascular disorders Flashcards

1
Q

arteries and lumen size. large or narrow?

A

large

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2
Q

arteries and a lot of resistance or not that much?

A

minimal resistance

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3
Q

do arteries have pressure reservoirs?

A

yes.
They expand during heart contraction
and they passively recoiling to provide continuous flow and pressure between contractions

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4
Q

What are they Major vascular resistance vessels?

A

arterioles

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5
Q

which blood vessels distribute blood to greatest areas of need?

A

arterioles

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6
Q

do arterioles have large or narrow lumens?

A

narrow and they have smooth muscles and elastic fibers that respond to sympathetic stimuli

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7
Q

Where is the Site of nutrient/waste product exchange between blood and tissues

A

capillaries

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8
Q

is the blood flow in capillaries fast or slow?

A

slow

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

1) continuous
2) fenestrated
3) discontinued/sinusoidal

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10
Q

details about continuous capillaries

A

found in the brain and lung for instance. allows very few things to pass through. o2 and co2.

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11
Q

details about fenestrated capillaries

A

found in the kidneys. great for filtration but not big enough for proteins

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12
Q

details about discontinuous capillaries

A

large enough for big molecules to go through. found in the liver and spleen and even LN

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13
Q

Which vessels return blood to the heart?

A

Post capillary venules return blood to the heart

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14
Q

what’s known as the distribution center, arteries or veins?

A

arteries

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15
Q

what’s known as the collection system, arteries or veins?

A

veins

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16
Q

6 things about venules

A

1) can store about 65% blood volume
2) LOW vascular resistance
3) LOW pressure and velocity
4) has valves to prevent back flow
5) can undergo vasoconstriction
6) pressure gradient keeps blood flowing

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17
Q

What keeps blood flowing in the venules?

A

PRESSURE GRADIENT

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18
Q

blind ended capillaries by the vascular capillaries=?

A

lymphatic system

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19
Q

valves are found in which vessels?

A

lymphs and veins

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20
Q

how do molecules and fluids flow into the lymphs?

A

interendothelial gaps

21
Q

how does fluid move about in the lymphs back into the blood?

A

low pressure vessels and smooth muscles

22
Q

what’s the flow from blinded caps of lymphs?

A

goes from blinded capillaries to larger vessels which dump into the LN and then from there the thoracic duct which then dump into veins.

23
Q

Antithrombotic/profibrinolytic describes healthy endothelium T or F?

A

T

24
Q

4 things that activate the endothelium:

A

oxidative stress
trauma
infectious agents
inflammation

25
Q

3 things that happen when endothelium is activated:

A

1) release of vasoactive mediators
2) cytokine stuff released
3) activation of clotting to try to contain the loss of fluid/hemorrhage that can occur

26
Q

2 major components that make up the interstitium:

A

type 1 collagen

glycoproteins that act as receptors for leukocytes to move from blood to vessel

27
Q

what is the purpose of hydraulic/oncotic pressure gradients?

A

to maintain the flow between microcirculation and interstitium and to exchange nutrients and waste.

28
Q

what happens when there’s an increase or decrease in plasma volume?

A

the interstitium helps out

29
Q

hypervolemia causes the cell to

A

swell

30
Q

hypovolemia causes the cell to

A

shrink

31
Q

Failure to maintain cellular fluid balance can lead to

A

cell death

32
Q

edema is defined as the

A

increase in interstitial fluid

33
Q

4 things that contribute to edema

A

1) intravascular permeability
2) increase in hydraulic pressure
3) decrease in oncotic pressure
4) decrease in lymphatic pressure

34
Q

EDEMA CAUSES WITH INTRAVASCULAR PERMEABILITY:

A

-Leakage because of inflammatory vasoactive substances: Histamine, substance P, bradykinin, cytokines (IL-1, TNF)

-Infectious agents (viruses and bacteria)
• Immune mediated mechanisms
• Toxins – endotoxin causes endothelial gaps to widen • Metabolic – diabetes
• Type I hypersensitivity -histamine
• Clotting abnormalities

35
Q

Edema causes with increase in hydraulic pressure

A

Right-sided heart failure increased ∆P in portal venous system causes increase filtration of fluid and reduced absorption into venules.
Ascites, hydroperitonium peritoneal effusion

Left-sided heart failure or high altitude disease leads to increased ∆P in pulmonary vessels
Pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema (fluid leads out of interstitial capillaries into alveoli)

• Generalized heart failure causes generalized edema
• Localized venous obstruction (Gastric dilation volvulus, venous thromboses, intestinal
twisting)
• Fluid overload (iatrogenic, sodium retention with renal disease)
• Hyperemia (inflammation)

36
Q

What happens if the liver slows down in protein production?

A

you will get edema because there’s now going to be a loss in oncotic pressure.

37
Q

More edema causes with Decreased Intravascular COP

A
  • Decreased albumin production (liver failure, malnutrition)
  • Protein losing-enteropathy (parasites)
  • Protein losing-nephropathy (glomerular or tubular loss of protein)
  • Burns
38
Q

if there’s a decrease in lymphatic drainage it’s probably due to

A

some obstruction in the lymph system or even inflammation

39
Q

T/F

You will find some protein and inflammatory cells in edema

A

true

40
Q

on the arterial end, will you have net filtration or net absorption?

A

filtration

41
Q

on the venous end, will you have net filtration or net absorption?

A

absorption

42
Q

in the capillaries, excess fluid goes where?

A

to the lymphs or veins

43
Q

4 types of cavitary fluids

A 
Pericardial effusion (hydropericardium)
 Pleural effusion (hydrothorax) 
Peritoneal effusion (ascites) 
Hydroperitoneum
44
Q

inflammation is initially initiated by which two chemicals?

A

histamine and bradykinin

45
Q

order for vasodilation in vessels. which gets filled first second then third?

A

arterioles then capillaries then venules

46
Q

homeostasis for blood flow

A

the blood that leaves the arterioles largely returns to venules

47
Q

what happens to the flow of fluid during inflammation?

A

fluid from arterioles capillaries and venues (depending on severity of inflammation) leaves the vessels and goes to the site of injury—>due to increased hydraulic pressure and increased vascular leakiness

48
Q

what are the 4 different ways increased permeability can come about?

A
  • destruction from white blood cells responding to the injury
  • chemical signals
  • direct damage to the blood vessels
  • increase in hydraulic pressure/hyperemia
49
Q

what is the difference between hemorrhage by diapedesis and hemorrhage

A

diapedesis is the escape of RBC through the vasculature as a result of increased permeability
hemorrhage is when the RBC pour out due to endothelial damage.

Pathology (6 decks)

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