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Neuro 2 > Vestibular A&P Review > Flashcards

Vestibular A&P Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main role of the vestibular system?

A

To maintain equilibrium

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2
Q

What 3 ways does the vestibular system maintain equilibrium?

A
  1. Estimates body position and movement
  2. Postural control
  3. Control of eye movements
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3
Q

What additional areas does the vestibular system control?

A
  • autonomic function

- consciousness

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4
Q

Where does the vestibular system project information?

A

throughout our

  • cortex
  • brainstem
  • cerebellum
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5
Q

Which direction is pitch?

A

y-axis

nodding motion

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6
Q

Which direction is yaw?

A

z-axis

shaking head no

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7
Q

Which direction is roll?

A

x-axis

ear to shoulder

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8
Q

What is included in the Central Vestibular System?

A
  • vestibular nuclei (4)
  • vestibular tracts (6)
  • vestibulocerebellum
  • vestibular cortex
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9
Q

What is included in the Peripheral Vestibular System?

A
  • vestibular apparatus
  • -body labyrinth
  • -otolith organs
  • -semi-circular canals
  • CN8 vestibular branch
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10
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of the peripheral vestibular system?

A
  1. stabilize visual images on the fovea of the retina during head movement to allow for clear vision
  2. maintain postural stability, especially during head movement
  3. provide information for spatial orientation
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11
Q

What are the 2 main structures of the vestibular apparatus/labyrinth?

A
  1. Bony labyrinth

2. Membranous labyrinth

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12
Q

What makes up the bony labyrinth?

A
  • composed of bone

- filled with perilymphatic fluid

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13
Q

What makes up the membranous labyrinth?

A
  • 3 semicircular canals

- vestibule

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14
Q

What structures are in the vestibule?

A
  • otolith organs
  • -utricle
  • -saccule
  • cochlea
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15
Q

What are the 3 semicircular canals?

A
  • anterior canal
  • posterior canal
  • horizontal canal
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16
Q

Which plane of movement does the utricle detect?

A

horizontal

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17
Q

Which plane of movement does the saccule detect?

A

vertical

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18
Q

Movement of stereocilia _____ kinocilium is excitatory.

A

towards

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19
Q

Movement of stereocilia _____ kinocilium is inhibitory.

A

away from

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20
Q

What is the role of stereocilia?

A

Motion receptors

- they transduce minute displacements into behaviorally relevant potentials

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21
Q

What surrounds sterocilia?

A

they are encased in the macula with otoconia on top

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22
Q

What are otoconia?

A
  • calcium carbonate crystals which are heavier than the structures on which they overlay
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23
Q

What is the role of otoconia?

A

to make the structures below them much more sensitive to movement

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24
Q

What type of velocity do the semicircular canals measure?

A

Angular velocity

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25
Q

What are the 3 semicircular canals?

A
  1. Anterior/Superior canal
  2. Posterior Canal
  3. Horizontal/lateral canal
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26
Q

What is located inside the semicircular canals?

A
  • endolymph
  • ampulla
  • cupula
27
Q

What must occur for depolarization of the semicircular canals?

A

movement of endolymph in the corresponding canal which causes movement of stereocilia in the cupula

28
Q

A bulbous formation at the start or finish of each canal

A

ampulla

29
Q

Which direction of movements is the cupula sensitive to?

A

angular only

30
Q

SCC hair cells displaced TOWARDS the utricle is called ____

A

Utriculopedal cupular displacement

31
Q

Utriculopedal cupular displacement is excitatory for the ____ and inhibitory for the ____

A
  • horizontal canal

- anterior/posterior canal

32
Q

SCC hair cells displaced AWAY from the utricle is called ____

A

Utriculofugal cupular displacement

33
Q

Utriculofugal cupular displacement is excitatory for the ____ and inhibitory for the ____

A
  • anterior/posterior canal

- horizontal canal

34
Q

Name the coplanar canal pairings

A
  • R HC with L HC
  • L AC with R PC
  • R AC with L PC
35
Q

In which plane does the horizontal canal operate?

A

30 degrees above the nasooccipital plane

36
Q

T/F: the anterior and posterior canals are perpendicular to each other while the horizontal canal is 30 degrees from the others

A

FALSE. All canals are perpendicular from each other

37
Q

What does the canal pairings provide in the presence of disease?

A

Coplanar redundancy

38
Q

What is the purpose of the VOR?

A

keeps vision stable during head motion

39
Q

What is the purpose of the VSR?

A

keeps the body stable during head motion

generation of compensatory body movements to maintain head and postural stability

40
Q

What is the purpose of the VCR?

A

keeps the neck stable during head motion

41
Q

What suppresses the VOR?

A

the cerebellum

42
Q

What is the VOR loop?

A

labyrinth –> vestibular nuclei –> ascending tracts (cross at MLF) –> ocular motor nuclei (3,4,5)

43
Q

What are the steps of the VSR?

A
  1. head tilts to side
  2. ipsilateral SCC/otolith excitation
  3. increased input from vestibular nerve to the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei
  4. MVST/LVST descending drive to truncal muscles
  5. increased lateral truncal extension ipsilaterally and increased truncal flexion contralaterally
44
Q

Name the cervical reflexes

A
  1. Cervico-ocular Reflex (COR)
  2. Cervicospinal Reflex (CSR)
  3. Cervicocollic Reflex (CCR)
45
Q

What is the purpose of the COR?

A
  • eye movements driven by neck proprioceptors

- interacts closely with VOR and can supplement it under certain circumstances

46
Q

What is the purpose of the CSR?

A
  • changes in limb position driven by neck afferent activity

- can supplement VSR under certain circumstances

47
Q

What is the purpose of the CCR?

A
  • helps stabilize the head on the body
  • afferent input caused by changes in neck position lead to contralateral reflexive contraction of appropriate neck muscles
48
Q

Where does the central vestibular system get its input information?

A
  • external references: visual and sensory systems

- internal references: vestibular peripheral labyrinth structure

49
Q

What is the role of the central vestibular system?

A

to take the information from internal and external references and perform sensorimotor integration and create appropriate motor responses

50
Q

Name the structures of the central vestibular system

A
  • vestibular nuclei (lateral, medial, superior, inferior)
  • vestibular tracts (medial VST, lateral VST, vestibulocerebellar)
  • vestibulocerebellum
  • vestibular cortex
51
Q

What are the functions of the vestibular nuclei?

A
  • eye movement control for gaze stability during movement (oculomotor)
  • postural control and movement [aid in maintaining muscle tone] (brainstem)
  • spatial orientation (cortex)
  • autonomic nervous system control
52
Q

What is controlled by the lateral vestibulospinal tract?

A

thoracic spinal cord to extensor musculature

  • head/body position in space
  • walking upright
  • righting and equilibrium reactions
53
Q

What is controlled by the medial vestibulospinal tract?

A

bilateral to MLF to the cervical spinal cord to extensor musculature

  • head movements
  • integrating head and eye movements
54
Q

What is the role of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

postural and gaze stabilization

  • modulates VOR
  • VOR suppression/cancellation
  • VSR suppression/cancellation
55
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellar tract?

A

postural adjustments and head/eye movements

- controlled by the medial, lateral, and inferior vestibular nuclei which send input to the flocculonodular node

56
Q

What is the function of the cerebellar-cortical loop?

A

helps correct actions when needed base on prior experiences

- back and forth communication between the flocculonodular node and vestibular cortex

57
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A
  • relay information to the cortex

- processing of specific vestibular information in the VPL

58
Q

What information does the thalamus process?

A
  • discrimination between self movement and environmental movement
  • spatial awareness and perceived vertical
  • “personal space”
59
Q

What are the structures of the vestibular cortex?

A
  • parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC)
  • medial superior temporal region
  • ventral intraparietal region
60
Q

Where is the PIVC located and what does it do?

A
  • at the junction of the parietal and insular lobes

- receives input from the cerebellum and vestibular nuclei via the thalamus

61
Q

What is the function of the medial superior temporal region?

A
  • visuo-vestibular integration

- self-motion perception

62
Q

What is the function of the ventral intraparietal region?

A
  • multi-sensory spatial coding
  • -proprioception
  • -auditory
  • -visual
  • -tactile
  • -vestibular
63
Q

To which other areas does the vestibular system project?

A
  • occipital cortex (vision)
  • posterior parietal cortex
  • premotor cortex

Neuro 2 (3 decks)

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