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Neuroscience Unit 3 > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Where/what performs transduction in the eye?

A

photoreceptors in the retina

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2
Q

Environmental stimuli is perceived by the process of _____ and interpreted by the process of _____

A

sensation, perception

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3
Q

Environmental stimuli is transduced into ___ ____ for interpretation by the nervous system

A

action potentials

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4
Q

What process detects specific features of a stimulus then combines them into more complex forms?

A

Bottom up processing

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5
Q

What process formulates an idea about the stimulus as a whole then selects/examines features to cheack hypothesis?

A

Top down processing

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6
Q

____ determines the colors perceived

A

wavelength

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7
Q

_____ determines the brightness perceived

A

amplitude

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8
Q

What are advantages of light as a stimulus?

A

EM energy is abundant, travels quickly, and in straight lines

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9
Q

Range of energy isible to humans falls between __ and __ nanometers

A

400-700

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10
Q

Moving waves of photons are:

A

electromagnetic radiation

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11
Q

What physical structures protect the eye?

A

bony orbit of the fat,cushioning, eyelids, blinking, tears

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12
Q

The white covering of the eye

A

sclera

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13
Q

outer layer covering iris, pupil, lens

A

cornea

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14
Q

Fluid filled chamber between cornea and iris

A

anterior chamber (aqueous humor)

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15
Q

opening of the iris

A

pupil

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16
Q

Colored circular band of muscles that controls pupil

A

iris

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17
Q

Behind the iris, focuses light

A

lens

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18
Q

Major interior fluid filled chamber

A

Vitreous chamber (vitreous humor)

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19
Q

Contains photoreceptors, part of the diencephalon

A

Retina

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20
Q

the area of the retina not covered by blood vessels

A

macula

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21
Q

The small pit in the macula

A

fovea

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22
Q

The macula and fovea are best for

A

detailed vision

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23
Q

Visual interneurons and photoreceptors are contained in the _____

A

retina

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24
Q

The axons of the _____ cell layer form the optic nerve

A

ganglion

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25
Q

Photoreptor that is best for scoptic (dim light) vision

A

rods

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26
Q

Photoreceptor best for photopic (visual acuity) vision

A

cones

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27
Q

Rods have high density in the _____ retina

A

peripheral

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28
Q

Cones have high density in the ____

A

fovea

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29
Q

The “hole” in our vision is due to what and why?

A

optic disk, there are no photoreceptors

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30
Q

Photoreceptor that contains rhodopsin photopigment

A

rods

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31
Q

Rods are sensitive to dim light in the ___ to ____ range of the EM spectrum

A

blue, green

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32
Q

Cones require ____ light than rods in order to respond

A

more

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33
Q

Photoreceptors are _______ at rest

A

depolarized

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34
Q

cGMP ____ sodium channels

A

open

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35
Q

In the dark, the release of glutamate is _____

A

increased

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36
Q

Rhodopsin is composed of:

A

retinal and opsin

37
Q

Light stimulus ____ rhodopsin

A

splits

38
Q

In the light, the photoreceptor is _____

A

hyperpolarized

39
Q

When rhodopsin splits, enzymes are released that do what?

A

break down cGMP

40
Q

Closing off sodium channels causes that photoreceptor to be ______

A

hyperpolarized

41
Q

In the light, the release of glutamate is ____

A

decreased

42
Q

What type of cell forms connections with photoreceptors and bipolar cells and uses graded potentials?

A

horizontal cell

43
Q

What are the two types of bipolar cells?

A

Midget and diffuse

44
Q

When the light falling on the center of the receptive field has the opposite effect of light falling on the surround it is called:

A

antagonistic center surround organization

45
Q

Which cells have antagonistic center surround organization?

A

Bipolar and ganglion

46
Q

The process of limiting cell responses of neighboring, less active cells

A

lateral inhibition

47
Q

How do bipolar cells identify the boundaries of a visual stimulus?

A

lateral inhibition

48
Q

Amacrine cells form connections with _____, _____ and other amacrine cells

A

bipolar, ganglion

49
Q

Ganglion cells receive input from ____ and ____ cells

A

bipolar, amacrine

50
Q

_____ _____ in ganglion cells replicate the information passed to them from bipolar cells

A

receptive fields

51
Q

____ and ____ cells both have antagonistic center surround organization

A

bipolar, ganglion

52
Q

In an on center ganglino cell, light falling on the center of a receptive field but not the surround _____ the cell

A

depolarizes

53
Q

True/False: Light falling on both the center and the surround does not change cell’s activity

A

True

54
Q

In an on center ganglion cell, light falling on the surround but not the center _____ the cell

A

hyperpolarizes

55
Q

____ cell axons exit each eye through the ____ ___ forming the ____ ____

A

ganglion, optic disk, optic nerve

56
Q

Optic nerves cross at the ____ _____

A

optic chiasm

57
Q

The ____ ____ ____ of the thalamus receives 90% of optic tract axons and keeps input from each eye _____

A

lateral geniculate nucleus, separate

58
Q

In the LGN, layers 1 and 2 receive input from __ ganglion cells, layers 3-6 receive input from ___ ganglin cells

A

M, K

59
Q

The ____ _____ guides movements of the eyes and head toward newly detected object

A

Superior collicus

60
Q

The process that correlate location of neural activity with the position of an object in the visual field:

A

Cortical mapping

61
Q

____ ____ ____ respond to bars of light at their preferred location and orientation

A

simple cortical cells

62
Q

_____ _____ ____ respond to bars with preferred orientation but not position as long as it fall in the receptive field, also respond to movement of bar in a _____ direction

A

complex cortical cells, preferred

63
Q

At least ____ other areas of the cerebral cortex participate in visual processing

A

dozen

64
Q

The “where” stream

A

the dorsal stream

65
Q

What stream has an important role in processing motion?

A

The dorsal stream

66
Q

What stream contains the medial temporal area (MT) and the medial superior temporal area (MST)?

A

the dorsal stream

67
Q

If area MT is damaged, what is a possible result?

A

Akinetopsia (motion blindness)

68
Q

The “what” stream

A

The ventral stream

69
Q

The stream that is important for object recognition

A

the ventral stream

70
Q

This stream contains Area V4 which projects to the ____ ____ ___ and the ___ ____ ____

A

ventral stream, inferior temporal lobe, fusiform face area

71
Q

Perspective, texture and shading, and comparison of size of familiar objects are examples of ____ ____

A

monocular cues

72
Q

Retinal disparity and disparity selective cells are examples of ____ _____

A

binocular cues

73
Q

3D movies take advantage of ____ ______

A

retinal disparity

74
Q

_____ _____ interprets the output of 3 typess of cones

A

Trichromatic theory

75
Q

Explains the functioning of cones in the retina

A

Trichromatic theory

76
Q

Theory that hypothesizes opposition of four colors: gree/red and blue/yellow

A

Opponent process theory

77
Q

Explains the fuctioning of visoin beyon the retina

A

opponent process theory

78
Q

Color deficiency where one only sees 2 cone pigments

A

dichromacy

79
Q

Color deficiency where there is an absence of ____ photopigment is rare

A

blue

80
Q

___-___ dichromacy is ___ _____ and the most common

A

red-green, sex linked

81
Q

Deuteranopia is ___-____ colorblindness

A

red/green

82
Q

When cone photopigments have peak responses at abnormal wavelengths, you have _____ _____

A

anomalous trichromacy

83
Q

The same color appears different depending upon the context of surrounding colors =

A

color contrast

84
Q

Colors look the same regardless of the type of light illuminating them =

A

color constancy

85
Q

Lazy eye is called

A

ambylopia

86
Q

Clouding of the lens of the eye is called

A

cataracts

87
Q

Traumatic brain injury produces an area where vision is poor/missing is called _____ which is greek for “darkness”

A

scotoma

88
Q

A condition that may accompany scotoma is

A

blindsight

89
Q

When someone can not recognize objects that are seen, they may have a condition called ____ _____

A

visual agnosia

Neuroscience Unit 3 (4 decks)

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