VIT MDSP Elements Flashcards
The other term of precipitation hardening is:
Age hardening
It occurs in some metals, notably certain stainless steel, aluminum, and copper alloys at ambient temperature after solution heat treatment, the process being one of a constituent precipitating from solid solution. Where used, the consequences include increased strength and hardness, decrease ductility.
Age hardening
The aging at moderately elevated temperature expedites the process and is called:
Artificial Aging
A substance with metallic properties, compound of two or more elements of which at least one is metal.
Alloy
In steel are usually considered to be the metallic elements added for the purpose of modifying the properties.
Alloying elements
It is the characteristics of exhibiting different properties when tested in different directions (as tensile strength “with grain” or “across the grain”).
Anisotropy
It is a tendency to fracture without appreciable deformation.
Brittleness
It is one in which specimen, supported at both ends as a simple beam, is broken by the impact of a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in breaking the specimen is a measure of the impact strength of the metal.
Charpy Test
It is the brittleness of metals at ordinary or low temperatures.
Cold Shortness
It is the process of deforming a metal plastically at a temperature below the recrystallization temperature and at a rate to produce strain hardening.
Cold Working
Steel that is frequently used because it increases strength and machinability, and improves surface finish.
Cold-drawn Steel
Commercial amounts of cold working of steel are of the order of :
10 to 20 %
It is the ability of a material to absorb or damp vibrations, which is a process of absorbing kinetic energy of vibration owing to hysteresis. The absorbed energy is eventually dissipated to the surroundings as heat.
Damping Capacity
It is a loss of carbon from the surface of steel, occurring during hot rolling, forging, and heat treating, when surrounding medium reacts with the carbon (as oxygen and carbon combining).
Decarburization
It is the property that permits permanent deformation before fracture in tension.
Ductility
The percent elongation for ductile materials.
Greater than 5% in 2-in. gage
The percent elongation in brittle materials.
Less than 5% in 2-in. gage
It is the ability of a material to be deformed and to return to the original shape.
Elasticity
It involves the loss of ductility because of a physical or chemical change of the material.
Embrittlement
It is the part of the carbon content of steel or iron that is in the form of graphite or temper carbon.
Free Carbon
It is a temper produced in wire, rod, or tube by cold drawing.
Hard drawn
Materials that have the same structure at all points.
Homogeneous materials
Materials that have the same properties in all directions.
Isotropic
A test in which specimen, supported at one end as a cantilever beam, is broken by the impact of a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in breaking the specimen is a measure of the impact strength.
Izod Test
A steel that has been deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent such as silicon or aluminum, in order to eliminate a reaction between the carbon and oxygen during solidification.
Killed Steel
It is somewhat indefinite property that refers to the relative ease with which a material can be cut.
Machinability
The material’s susceptibility to extreme deformation in rolling or hammering.
Malleability
Are those that have to do with stress and strain: ultimate strength and percent elongation.
Mechanical properties
It is the extension in the vicinity of the fracture of a tensile specimen, expressed as a percentage of the original gage length as 20% in 2 in.
Percent elongation
It is the smallest area at the point of rupture of a tensile specimen divided by the original area.
Percent reduction of area
It exclude mechanical properties, and are other physical properties such as density, conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion.
Physical properties
It is the ability of the metal to be deformed considerably without rupture. In this deformation the material does not return to its original shape.
Plasticity
It is the ratio of lateral strain (contraction) to the longitudinal strain (extension) when the element is loaded with a longitudinal force.
Poission’s ratio
It is the stress which causes a specified permanent deformation of material usually 0.01% or less.
Proof stress
It is a brittleness in steel when it is red hot.
Red shortness
It is associated with creep and decreasing stress at a constant strain; important for metals in high temperature service.
Relaxation
Are those not due to applied loads or temperature gradients; they exists for various reasons, as unequal cooling rates, cold working etc.
Residual Stresses
It is incompletely deoxidized steel. Ingots of this steel have a surface layer quite free of slag inclusions and gas pockets, which results in the optimum surface on rolled sheets.
Rimmed steel
It is the process of holding an alloy at suitably high temperature long enough to permit one or more constituents to pass into solid solution and then cooling fast enough to hold the constituents as a supersaturated solution.
Solution heat treatment
It is the ability to resist deformation. It is measured by the modulus of elasticity in the elastic range; the higher the modulus, the stiffer is the material.
Stiffness
It is increasing the hardness and strength by plastic deformation at temperatures lower than the recrystallization range.
Strain Hardening
It is condition produced in a non-ferrous metal by mechanical or thermal treatment; for example, annealed temper (soft), hard temper, and spring temper.
Temper
It is the capacity of material to withstand a shock load without breaking.
Toughness
It refers to the results of a transverse bend test, the specimen being mounted as a simple beam.
Transverse Strength
The other term for transverse strength and frequently applied to brittle materials, especially cast iron.
Rupture Modulus
The other term same as strain hardening.
Work Hardening
It is the steel that has been hammered, rolled, or drawn in the process of manufacture; it may be plain carbon or alloy steel.
Wrought Steel
It is an operation or combination of operations involving the heating and cooling of metal or an alloy in the solid state for the purpose of altering the properties of the material.
Heat Treatment
It is a change in a metal by which its structure recovers from an unstable or metastable condition that has been produced by quenching or cold working.
Aging or Age Hardening
A comprehensive term, is a heating and slow cooling of a solid metal usually done to soften it.
Annealing
Other purposes of Annealing include those:
Altering the mechanical and physical properties
Producing a particular microstructure, removing internal stresses (Stress relieving) and removing gases
The same meaning as the Transformation Range.
Critical Range
It is often used to mean tempering, but this usage conflicts with the meaning of the drawing of a material through a die and is to be avoided.
Drawing
It causes the combined carbon to transform wholly or on part into graphitic or free carbon; it is applied to cast iron, sometimes to high-carbon steel.
Graphitizing
It is the heating of certain steels above the transformation range then quenching, for the purpose of increasing the hardness.
Hardening
It is an annealing process whereby combined carbon in white cast iron is transformed wholly or on part to temper carbon.
Malleablizing
It is the heating of an iron-base alloy to some 100 deg. F above the transformation range with subsequent cooling to below that range in still air at room temperature. The purpose is to produce uniform structure.
Normalizing
It is any heating and cooling of steel that produces a rounded or globular form of carbide. Typically, it is prolonged heating at a temperature slightly below the transformation range usually followed by slow cooling; or for small objects of high carbon steel, it may be prolonged heating alternately within and slightly below the transformation range.
Spheroidizing
It is the heating of a metal body to a suitable temperature (generally just below the transformation range for steel, say 1100-1200 deg. F) and holding it at that temperature for suitable time (1 to 3 hrs for steel) for the purpose of reducing internal residual stresses.
Stress Relieving
It is reheating of hardened or normalized steel to a temperature below the transformation range, followed by any desired rate of cooling.
Tempering
For ferrous metals, it is the temperature interval during which austenite is formed during heating; it is also the temperature interval during which austenite disappears during cooling. Thus, there are two ranges; these may overlap but never coincide. The range on heating is higher than cooling.
Transformation Range
It is the measure of the material’s resistance to indentation.
Hardness
The common instruments used to determine hardness:
Brinell
Rockwell
Vickers
Shore Scleroscope
The tester faster than Brinell and is widely used commercially. It utilizes several different indenters and, in effect, measures what?
depth of the penetration by the indenter
What are the different indenters of Rockwell tester?
Rockwell B E: hard steel ball
Rockwell C A D: conical diamond (brale)
A tester that has a square-base, diamond pyramid indenter whose number is the load in kilograms divided by the impressed area in square millimeters.
Vicker Tester
A tester in which the number is obtained by letting a freely falling hammer with a diamond point strike the object to be tested and measuring the height of rebound.
Shore Scleroscope
The term used for hardness of perhaps 600 Brinell.
Hard File
The meaning of ASTM.
American Society of Testing Materials
The specifications of SAE means what?
Society of Automotive Engineers
Used for tubings, forgings, pressed-steel parts, screws, rivets, and for carburized case-hardened parts.
Carbon, 10-20 points (10XX groups)
The specifications of AISI mean what?
American Iron and Steel Institute
SAE 1XXX ________
SAE 11XX ________
SAE 2XXX ________
SAE 1030 or AISI 1030 ___________
SAE 10XX _________
SAE 11XX _________
SAE 13XX _________
SAE 14XX _________
SAE 2XXX _________
SAE 3XXX _________
SAE 303XX _____________
1XXX Plain carbon
11XX Plain carbon steel with greater sulfur content for free cutting
2XXX Nickel steel
SAE 1030 or AISI 1030 0..30% carbon or 30 points carbon
SAE 10XX Plain carbon
SAE 11XX Free cutting
SAE 13XX Manganese
SAE 14XX Boron
SAE 2XXX Nickel
SAE 3XXX Nickel-chromium
SAE 303XX Heat and Corrosion Resistant
SAE 4XXX ________
SAE 41XX ________
SAE 46XX ________
SAE 47XX ________
SAE 48XX ________
SAE 5XXX ________
SAE 514XX _________
SAE 515XX _________
SAE 6XXX _________
SAE 8XXX _________
SAE 92XX __________
SAE 9XXX __________
SAE 4XXX Molybdenum
SAE 41XX Molybdenum-chromium
SAE 46XX Molybdenum-nickel
SAE 47XX Molybdenum-chromium-nickel
SAE 48XX Molybdenum-nickel
SAE 5XXX Chromium
SAE 514XX Heat and corrosion resistant
SAE 515XX Heat and corrosion resistant
SAE 6XXX Chromium-vanadium
SAE 8XXX Nickel-chromium-molybdenum
SAE 92XX Silicon-manganese
SAE 9XXX Nickel-chromium-molybdenum (except 92XX)
Due to higher sulfur content in certain grades, it is free-cutting and food for use of in automatic screw machines for miscellaneous parts including screws; it may also be carburized.
Carbon, 10-20 points (11XX)
General purpose grades, used for forged and machined parts, screws; also for boiler plate and structural steel.
Carbon, 20-30 points
With 0.40-0.50% C, frequently used for miscellaneous forged machined parts; shafts. Frequently heat treated for improved mechanical properties. Cold finish for shafting and similar parts?
Carbon, 30-55 points
Maybe hardened to a good cutting edge, especially in the higher ranges of carbon therefore, used for tools. Also for springs. High strength, low ductility. Nearly always heat treated, say, to a Brinell hardness of 375 or higher.
Carbon 60-95 points
A steel that contains significant quantities of recognized alloying metals.
Wrought iron
Used to improve the hardenability of steel, to reduce distortion from heat treatment, to increase toughness, ductility, and tensile strength, and to improve low-temperature or high temperature properties.
Alloys
An efficient deoxidizer, an alloy in nitriding steels (nitrialloys), and it promotes fine grain size.
Aluminum
In very small amounts (0.001% or less) is an economical hardenability agent in low-or-medium-carbon deoxidized steels. It has no effect on tensile strength.
Boron
It improves hardenability economically, resistance to corrosion (with other alloys), strength at high temperature, and wearing properties (high carbon).
Chromium
It improves red hardness.
Cobalt
It is often used to “stabilize” stainless steel (that is, it preempts the carbon and forestalls the formation of undesired carbides).
Columbium
It improves steel’s resistance to atmospheric corrosion and increases the fluidity of the melt; it improves tensile strength and yield ratio at normalized condition.
Copper
It improves the machinability, but affects different alloys differently.
Lead
It improves strength and increases hardenability moderately, counteracts brittleness for sulfur.
Manganese
It becomes an alloying element when its amount exceeds about 0.6% as in the 13XX steels.
Manganese
It contains 1.2% Carbon and 12-13% Manganese and responds to work hardening most readily.
Austenitic Manganese Steels
It increases hardenability markedly and economically (when Mo>Cr), tends to counteract temper brittleness, improving creep strength and red hardness. It improves wear by forming abrasion-resistant particles.
Molybdenum
Strengthens unquenched and annealed steels, toughens steel (especially at low temperatures), and simplifies heat treatment by lessening distortion.
Nickel
It increases hardenability, strengthens low-carbon steels, improves machinability of stainless steel; also added to leaded resulfurized carbon steels for the same purpose.
Selenium
It strengthens low-alloy steels and improves resistance to high temperature oxidation; it is a good general-purpose deoxidizer and promotes fine grain.
Silicon
It is a Stabilizer.
Tantalum
It is used for deoxidation and for stabilizing austenitic stainless steels (preventing intergranular corrosion and embrittlement); it increases the hardness and strength of low-carbon steel and improves creep strength).
Titanium
It increases the hardenability markedly in small amounts and improves hardness and strength at high temperature. An expensive alloy, it is used only where particular advantage results, as in high-speed tool steel in which it forms a hard, abrasion –resisting carbide).
Tungsten
It promotes fine-grain structure, improves the ratio of endurance strength to ultimate strength of medium carbon-steels (average of about 0.57), increases hardenability strongly when dissolved, and results in retention of strength and hardness at high temperature; it is the most effective element in retarding softening and tempering.
Vanadium
It is the capacity of steel to through-harden when cooled from above its transformation range.
Hardenability
It is the process of adding carbon to the surface of steel by exposing it to hot carbonaceous solid, liquids, or gases above the transformation temperature.
Carburizing
The part is immersed in a molten salt bath that imparts a case similar to that obtained with gas or pack carburizing except that the case in thinner, usually not in excess of about 0.025 in.
Liquid carburizing
It is accomplished by immersing the part in a hot (about 1550 deg. F) liquid salt bath, sodium cyanide (NaCN) being a common medium in both processes.
Cyaniding
The machined and heat-treated part is placed in a nitrogenous environment, commonly ammonia gas, at temperatures much lower that those used in the previously described processes say 1000 deg. F for somewhat less.
Nitriding
It is the process of case hardening steel by simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen from a surrounding hot gaseous atmosphere, followed by either quenching or slow cooling, as required.
Carbonitriding
It consists of heating a thin surface layer preferably of annealed or normalized steel above the transformation range by electrical induction and then cooling, as required in water, oil, air, or gas.
Induction Heating
It is the process of heating the surface of an iron-base alloy, which is preferably annealed or normalized and then quenching it.
Flame Hardening
It is the result of a metal being stressed at some point into its plastic range, usually ordinary temperatures (certainly below recrystallization temperature); metal cold worked in this manner becomes stronger and more brittle.
Work hardening
It is made by burning carbon from molten iron then putting the product through hammering and rolling operations.
Wrought Iron
It is heat-treated white cast iron.
Malleable Cast Iron
The heat treatment of the white cast iron, in which substantially all of the carbon is combined in the form of iron carbide, is an annealing called:
Malleablizing
Nodular Cast Iron is also called:
Ductile Iron
Age hardening is usually termed as ___ with reference to stainless, which occurs because of the precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solution.
Precipitation Hardening
Are toothed wheels whose tooth elements are straight and parallel to the shaft axis; they are used to transmit motion and power between parallel shafts.
Spur Gears
It is the basis of measurement of gears.
Pitch Circle
The size of a gear is called
Pitch Diameter
It is the trace of the:
Pitch cylinder
It is the point of the pitch circles; for individual gear, the pitch point will be located where the tooth profile cuts the standard pitch circle.
Pitch Point
It is the circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth.
Addendum Circle (also called outside circle)
The radial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle is called:
Addendum
It is the circle that bounds the bottom of the teeth.
Dedendum Circle
The radial distance from the pitch circle to the root circle, that is, to the bottom of the tooth space.
Dedendum
The ____ is equal to the addendum plus dedendum.
Whole depth
The ____ is equal to the radial distance from the addendum circle to the working depth circle.
Working depth
It marks the distance that the mating tooth projects into the tooth space; it is the sum of the addendums of mating gears.
Working depth circle
The ____ is the radial distance between the working-depth circle and the root circle; it is the dedendum minus the mating addendum.
Clearance
It is also called tooth thickness. It is the width of tooth measured along the pitch circle.
Circular thickness
It is the toothed width space between teeth measured along the chord of pitch circle.
Chordal thickness
It is the tooth space minus the circular thickness.
Backlash
