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Nutrition > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, K, E

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2
Q

9 water-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin C and B complex

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3
Q

Minerals

A

inorganic compounds containing no carbon structures

22 essential minerals known to be needed from the diet

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4
Q

Calcium

A

RDA

1,000 mg for most adults, more for teens and elderly

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5
Q

Ca deficiency

A

Tetany, paresthesia, hyperirritability, muscle cramps, convulsions and stunting in growth
(Osteoporosis – focus should be on vitamin D along with calcium, not mega doses of calcium)

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6
Q

Ca excess

A

Milk alkali syndrome, kidney stones or renal insufficiency

Possibly prostate cancer, calcium buildup in your blood vessels, impaired absorption of iron and zinc

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7
Q

Those at increased risk for Ca deficiency

A 
Vegan diet
Lactose intolerance
Consume large amounts of sodium
Osteoporosis
Long-term treatment with corticosteroids* (BMT patients, heme-onc always rx ca supplement w/treatment) 
IBD or celiac disease
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8
Q

Ca supplements

A

best absorbed when taken in small doses (500mg or less)

Want a calcium supplement with vitamin D

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9
Q

Calcium Carbonate (40% elemental calcium)

A

Cheapest
Most constipating
Must take with a meal

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10
Q

Calcium Citrate (21% elemental calcium)

A

Absorbed equally well when taken with or without food

Recommended for individuals with low stomach acid (50+), IBD or absorption disorders

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11
Q

Calcium in serum

A

bound to protein, primarily albumin

Corrected Calcium = Serum Calcium + 0.8 * ( 4 - Serum Albumin)

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12
Q

Chloride

A

No RDA levels have been established
Functions: Digestion (HCL in stomach), activation of intrinsic factor, acid-base balance, 02/CO2 exchange in RBC, proper kidney function and fluid balance.
Sources: table salt (NaCl), seaweed, salt substitutes (KCl), green olives

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13
Q

Cl deficiency

A

hypochloremia
disturbed acid-base balance - alkalosis
Alkalosis can occur after excessive loss of Na, from sweating during endurance exercises, vomiting or diarrhea
Muscle weakness, loss of appetite, profound lethargy and dehydration can be present
Hypochloremia can occur from water intoxication or severe burns

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14
Q

Cl excess

A

Disturbed acid base balance – Acidosis

High blood pressure, fluid retention

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15
Q

Magnesium

A

Needed by every cell of the body
Half of the stores are found inside cells of body tissues and organs
Half are combined with calcium and phosphorous in bones
Only 1% is found in the blood
– Needed for more than 300 biochemical reactions

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16
Q

Mg sources

A 
Nuts
Beans
Bran
Brown rice
Fish
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17
Q

Mg deficiency

A

GI and renal losses
Excessive loss in the urine from uncontrolled DM, antibiotics, diuretics, excessive ETOH,
Chronically low intake
Chronic or excessive vomiting, diarrhea or fat malabsorption
Can cause metabolic changes that contribute to heart attacks, strokes, post menopausal osteoporosis. Poor growth, confusion, loss of appetite, depression . . .

**Despite low intakes, Mg deficiency is rarely seen in the US except in hospitalized patients

18
Q

Mg excess

A

*osmotic diarrhea
also- Mental status changes, nausea, appetite loss, low BP, irregular heartbeat

Elderly are at risk of MG toxicity – kidney function declines with age and use of Mg containing laxatives and antacids in common

19
Q

Phosphorous

A

Functions: Energy metabolism
Fat, amino acid and carb metabolism
Ca regulation, etc

20
Q

Phosphorus sources

A

Protein rich foods, Whole grains, enriched breads and cereals, dark soft drinks

21
Q

excess phosphorous

A

hyperphosphatemia

Especially problematic in renal failure

22
Q

phosphorous deficiency

A

rare but can occur in people taking phos binders, PN pts without phosphate in PN and prematurity

23
Q

Potassium

A

Functions: Nerve conduction, muscle contraction, glycolysis, glycogen formation, protein synthesis and utilization, acid-base balance, cellular enzyme functioning and water balance
Sources: salt substitues, tomatoes, potatoes, milk, fish

24
Q

excess potassium

A

hyperkalemia

Paralysis, muscular weakness, arrhythmias, heart disturbances and DEATH

25
Q

potassium deficiency

A

Muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmia, paralysis, bone fragility, decreased growth, weight loss, death

26
Q

Sodium

A

Functions

Nerve stimulation, muscle contraction, acid-base balance, regulation of blood pressure

27
Q

Na deficiency

A

– hyponatremia
Water intoxication with resulting anorexia, nausea, muscle atrophy, poor growth, weight loss, confusion, coma and death
Meds; heart, kidney and liver problems

28
Q

Na excess

A

Hypernatremia

Confusion, high blood pressure, calcium excretion from bones, heart failure, edema and coma

29
Q

trace mineral, copper

A

antioxidant
Deficiency – hypochromic anemia, decreased hair and skin pigmentation, menkes steel hair syndrome and reduced immune response
Deficiency rare

30
Q

Trace mineral, iron

A

Function iron is found in hemoglobin (2/3) , myoglobin (1/3) and enzymes
Vitamin C increases absorption
Take iron separately from calcium supplements
Avoid coffee and tea for 1 hour after eating (tannic acid blocks iron absorption)

31
Q

Fe deficiency

A

anemia
Fatigue and weakness, pallor, pale conjunctiva
Koilonychia (think, spoon-shaped nails)

32
Q

Fe excess

A

Iron deposits
Vomiting or diarrheas with GI distress
Hemochromatosis
Drowsiness

** When recommending a MV, always state with our without iron (transfusions)

33
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

Reduces antibody responses and cell-mediated immunity

34
Q

Zinc excess

A

Rhinovirus – thrives and multiplies in the nasal passages and throat – zinc may work by preventing the rhinovirus from multiplying and keeping it from lodging in the mucous membranes
Large amounts can cause copper deficiency, anemia and damage to the nervous system

35
Q

iodine deficiency

A

goiter, hypercholesterolemia, weight gain

Low-Iodine diet for pts receiving
radioactive iodine treatment

36
Q

Vitamin A

A

Fat soluble
Vision (night vision) and skin integrity
Excess – known for teratogenic effect, caution with supplementation in women of child bearing age. Supplements with retinol should be avoided during the first trimester

37
Q

Vitamin D

A

Fat soluble
Sun exposure, food and supplements
Functions – bone metabolism, calcium homeostasis and expression of hundreds of genes
Sun exposure difficult to rely on
only vitamin they keep increasing daily rec on

38
Q

Rickets

A

Vitamin D deficiency

39
Q

Vitamin E

A

Fat soluble
Tocopherol
Lipid soluble membrane antioxidant
Deficiency is rare

40
Q

Vitamin K

A

Intestinal bacteria make about 50% of the bodily requirement – a sterile gut or malabsorption can create deficiency
Functions – blood clotting, calcium metabolism and bone mineralization

41
Q

Warfarin/Coumadin

A

must keep steady level of vitamin K in diet.

Nutrition (1 decks)

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