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Court MS - Certified > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

1
Q

Define: wine

A

Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from the juice of freshly gathered grapes, the fermentation of which is carried out in the district of origin according to local tradition and practices

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2
Q

How many styles of wine are there and which ones

A

There are 7 styles of wine

  1. Red
  2. White
  3. Rosé
  4. Still
  5. Sparkling
  6. Fortified
  7. Unfortified
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3
Q

Define: viticulture

A

Is the growing of grapes for the production of wine, which is strongly affected by the TERROIR in which the vines are grown.

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4
Q

Define: terroir

A

Consistes of a number of the following contributing elements:

Soil
Climatic conditions
Location and Aspect

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5
Q

What is the structure of the soil?

from top to bottom

A
  • Topsoil
  • Aggregate
  • Bedrock
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6
Q

Why well-drained soils are prefered?

A

Because vines require water specially at early season to support strong shoot and leaf growth, followed by a mild water stress after véraison

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7
Q

What kind of soil is best?

A

Poor soils are best as the vine is forced to send its roots deeper into the ground thus causing it to access different minerals, trace elements and other nutrients.

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8
Q

What is humus?

A

Made up of decomposing plant and animal materials that are rich in plant nutrients and have excellent water retaining properties

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9
Q

Whats the advantage for vines to have deep roots?

A

Although getting nutrients from the aggregate, deep roots make the vine less likely to be affected by severe winters

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10
Q

When was the coldest winter recorded in the last century?

An example of a severe winter

A

In 1984 - 1985 the ground in Chablis was frozen to a depth of one metre.

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11
Q

Why younger vines have more danger to die?

A

Roots are not deep enough. This means during winter time can get frozen, killing the vines and during hot summers the water level in the soil may fall below the roots of younger vines.

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12
Q

Where do vines grow best in latitude?

A

Between 30º and 50º North and South hemisphere respectively.
Nowadays due to the global warming the latitude stretches beyond the 51º

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13
Q

Which is the country which can produce wine beyond the latitude 50º north or south

A

United Kingdom.
Brittish wines have improved in the quality and yields due to the global warming.

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14
Q

What is the best average annual temperature for vines to grow?

A

57 ºF or 14 ºC

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15
Q

Which is the most feared climatic condition related to temperature?

A

Frost in late spring.
Because damages new shoots, thus reducing the size of the crop.

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16
Q

Whats the method of combating the effect of late frosts used in Germany, Champagne, Chablis and in some parts of California?

A

Oil stoves, known as smudge pots set between rows of vines to heat the air.

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17
Q

What happened in the Spring of 2016 and 2017 in Chablis, other parts of Burgundy and some Northerly Germany?

A

Vineyards were badly hit by late frosts

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18
Q

Frost prevention systems

A
  • Heaters
  • Sprinklers
  • Wind Machines
  • Thoughtful vineyard design
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19
Q

Hazards related to temperature

A
  • Winter
  • Spring frosts
  • Growing season
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20
Q

What is the Buttage technique?

A

Protection of the stem/roots of vine from frost damage by piling soil around the base of the vine

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21
Q

How does a Heaters works on the vineyards to fight frosts?

A

The heat they generate creates movement in the air preventing the cold air from settling and causing the frost

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22
Q

How does a Sprinker works on the vineyards to fight frosts?

A

Used to spray water onto the vines. As the water freezes, it releases some heat into the
plant tissue protecting the buds and shoots

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23
Q

How does a Wind Machine works on the vineyards to fight frosts?

A

Those are large fans that draws warm air from above to keep the temperature at ground level above freezing.
Some wind machines incorporate heaters.

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24
Q

How does a Thoughtful vineyard design works to fight frosts?

A

Cold air sinks to the lowest point it can find, it is best to plant vineyards on slopes and avoid depressions in which cold air can collect.

Vineyards planted on the middle of the slope are noticeably less at risk from frost damage than those in lower lying areas.

Vines can also be trained high to avoid the worst of the cold air.

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25
Q

What is the main hazzard during Winter?

A

Temperature falling below -20º C.
The vine can be seriously damaged or killed by a winter freeze.
The part of the vine which is most at risk is the graft, and a technique called Buttage is used to avoid that.

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26
Q

What is the main hazzard during the Growing Season?

A

Spring frosts

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27
Q

What happened during 2007 in Australia?

A

The 2007 vintage was hit in Australia by drought and frosts and the total grape yield reduced by up to 25%.

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28
Q

Define: aspect

A

The direction in which a slope faces.
The vineyards facing the Equator receive the most heat.

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29
Q

Factors affecting temperature

A
  • Latitude
  • Altitude
  • Bodies of water
  • Ocean currents
  • Fog
  • Soil
  • Aspect
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30
Q

How is latitude affecting temperature?

Factors affecting temperature

A

To meet the vine’s temperature needs and its preference for a dormant period, most vineyards lie between the latitudes 30º and 50º north and south of the Equator. Closer to the Equator it is too hot and closer to the Poles it is too cold.

However, factors other than latitude can make an area outside these limits suitable for viticulture

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31
Q

How is altitude affecting temperature?

Factors affecting temperature

A

As altitude incresases, temperatures drop.

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32
Q

How are bodies of water affecting temperature?

Factors affecting temperature

A

Large bodies of water such as seas or kales, heat up and cool down more slowly than landmasses. Therefore, in winter they have a warming effect on the surrounding air and in summer they have a cooling effect.

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33
Q

How are ocean currents affecting temperature?

Factors affecting temperature

A

The major currents transport large volumes of warm or cold water across the surface of the ocean, leading to localised warming or cooling in certain wine regions.

34
Q

How is fog affecting temperature?

Factors affecting temperature

A

Cools down an area, sometimes will remain until the late afternoon like in Los Carneros (California)

35
Q

How is soil affecting temperature?

Factors affecting temperature

A

Soils that are either dark in colour or that have a high-stone and rock content absorb and reradiate more of the sun’s heat than lighter coloured soils. This can be critical for ripening fruit in cool climates.

However, soils with high water content require more energy to warm up, and conduct heat from the vine more quickly than dry soils. This can delay budburst.

36
Q

Examples of ocean currents.

Factors affecting temperature

A
  • The Humboldt current of Chile
  • The Benguela Current of South Africa
  • The Gulf Stream of North-western Europe
37
Q

What do a vine needs?

A

Heat, to complete its annual cycle
Sunligh to combine Carbon dioxide CO2
Water to produce glucose and oxygen (photosynthesis)
Nutrients to combine the glucose to support its growth and to ripen its grapes.

38
Q

Define: Continentality

Factors affecting temperature

A

The temperature difference between the coldest and the hottest months.

A region’s continentality will determine the length of the growing season and this has an impact on the total amount of heat available to a vine and being influenced in what grape varieties can be successfully grown there.

39
Q

Define: Diurnal range

Factors affecting temperature

A

Is the difference between day-time and night-time temperatures.
Cool nights help slow the loss of aromas and acidity in the grapes during ripening.
Warm nights accelerate ripening.

Bodies of water influences diurnal range

40
Q

Factors affecting Sunlight

Factors affecting Sunlight

A
  • Latitude
  • Bodies of water
  • Aspect
41
Q

How is the Latitude affecting sunlight?

Factors affecting Sunlight

A

Day lenght during the summer growing season is longer the further the vineyard is from the Equator.

42
Q

How are the bodies of water affecting sunlight?

Factors affecting Sunlight

A

Vineyards situated above rivers or lakes can benefit from sunlight reflected from the surface of the water

43
Q

How is the aspect affecting sunlight?

Factors affecting Sunlight

A

Affects on the amount of sunlight it receives and steeper slopes benefit more from this effect.

The vineyards facing the Equator receive the most sunlight.

44
Q

Hazards related to sunlight

A
  1. Heavy cloud cover slowing in photosynthesis
  2. Sunburn of the grapes due to intense sunlight conditions.
45
Q

The process to access water through the vine roots for photosynthesis is called:

A

Transpiration

46
Q

What are the sources of water

A
  • Rainfall
  • Drip irrigation
  • Sprinklers
  • Flood irrigation
47
Q

Hazards related to water

A
  1. Drought
  2. Too much water
  3. Hail
48
Q

Climate classification

A
  • Cool climates
  • Moderate climates
  • Warm climates
  • Hot climates

Accompanied by temperature categories:

  • Continental climates
  • Maritime climate
  • Mediterranean climate
49
Q

Characteristics of: cool climate

A

Regions with an average temperature of
16.5 ºC or below

50
Q

Characteristics of: moderate climate

A

Regions with an average growing season temperature of
16.5 ºC to 18.5 ºC

51
Q

Characteristics of: warm climate

A

Regions with an average growing season temperature of
18.5 ºC to 21 ºC

52
Q

Characteristics of: hot climate

A

Regions with an average growing season temperature of
21 ºC or higher

53
Q

Characteristics of: continental climate

A

High difference in temperature between the hottest and coldest months
Short summers with a large and rapid temperature drop in autumn

54
Q

Characteristics of: maritime climate

A

Cool to moderate temperatures and a low annual difference between the hottest and coldest months
Rainfall tends to be spread throughout the year

55
Q

Characteristics of: mediterranean climate

A

Cool to moderate temperatures and a low annual difference between the hottest and coldest months
Summers tend to be warm and dry
Wines tend to be fuller bodied, with riper tannins, higher alcohol and lower levels of acidity

56
Q

What are made of the best soils? And why?

A

Mixture of sand and clay
Because these soils have good drainage but retain enough water for vine growth.

57
Q

What are the most important nutrients for a vine?

A
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium
58
Q

What other important factors affecting the quality of the grapes are reviewed on the book SALES AND SERVICE FOR THE WINE PROFESSIONAL?

A
  • Vine densities
  • Vine training
  • Pruning
  • Canopy management
  • Irrigation
  • Yields
  • Green picking
59
Q

What is the target of Organic Viticulture and Biodynamic Viticulture?

A

To protect the environment, vines and wines which are significantly healthier.

Particularly to look after the health of the soil and to producing wine which reflects the specific terroir of the vineyard.

60
Q

Define: Organic Viticulture

A

Encompasses many of the same concepts as Sustainable Viticulture.
However, only a limited number of the more traditional treatments against pests and diseases is allowed and only in very small quantities.

61
Q

Define: Biodynamic Viticulture

A

Rudolf Steiner

The basics of this concept which encompasses the Sustainable Viticulture and Organic principles and use special preparations made from natural resources to control pests, weeds, diseases and to feed the vines and soil by timing the applications and other vine management procedures based on a holistic approach in treating the vineyard as a whole entity, which includes plants and animals.

62
Q

Define: Sustainable Agriculture

A

Chemicals are not prohibited but their use is restricted. Grape growers are encourage to develop an in-depth understanding of the lifecycles of vineyard pests and monitor weather forecasts.

Integrated pest management is key encouraging vineyard biodiversity.

63
Q

Most common vine types

A
  • Vitis Vinifera
  • Vitis Rupestris
  • Vitis Riparia
  • Vitis Berlandieri
64
Q

Basics principles related to Grafting

A

European varieties (V. Vinifera) are grafted on to American rootstocks of V. Rupestris, V. Riparia, V. Berlandieri to avoid Phylloxera killing the vines.

It is also used to replace varietals which may not be performing well, using the top grafting method (grafting a bud in a cut of the trunk)

65
Q

Parts of the grape

A
  • Stem and Seeds: Contains tannins and are usually removed (stem) or not crushed (seeds) in the vinification process.
  • Skin: Contains the bloom, colour and tannins
  • Bloom: Is the waxy surface that covers the skin and contains yeast cells.
  • Pulp: Contains the grape juice which is made of water, sugar, malic acid and tartaric acid.
66
Q

What is an Hybrid

A

A cross between two different species of vines.

67
Q

What is a Cross

A

The result of breeding a new variety by crossing two vine varieties

68
Q

What is the structure of the vine?

A
  • Green parts
  • One-year-old wood
  • Permanent wood
  • Roots
69
Q

What are the Green parts of the vine?

A

The parts that grow each new year. The principal structure is a shoot, which is illustrated below.

  • Leaves
  • Flowers and Berries
  • Buds
  • Tendrils
70
Q

What is the One-year-old wood of the vine?

A

Shoots turn woody during the winter after they have grown. The following spring, they become one-year-old wood, and the buds that formed on them the previous year burst and grow into shoots.

71
Q

What is the Permanent wood of the vine?

A

The permanent wood is made up of the trunk and, where present, the arms of the vine.

72
Q

What are the Roots of the vine?

A

The roots have the function to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, anchor the vine and store carbohydrates to allow the vine to survive the winter.

73
Q

Life cycle of the vineyard

A

4 Principal phases

  • Budbreak/Budbrust (NH. Mar - Apr / SH. Sep - Oct)
  • Flowering and Fruit set (NH. May - Jun / SH. Nov - Dec)
  • Véraison and fruit ripening (NH. June / SH. Dec)
  • Harvest (August - November (NH. Aug - Nov / SH. Feb - Apr )

After harvest, ** Leaf fall / Winter Dormancy (NH. Nov - Mar / SH. May - Sep)** occurs.
After budbrust, ** Early shoot and Leaf Growth (NH. Mar - Jun / SH. Sep - Dec) ** occurs

74
Q

Detailed vine anatomy

A

POST GUILDSOMM IMAGE

75
Q

The term that describes a vine’s reoccurring patterns of growth and development throughout the year is:

A

PHENOLOGY

76
Q

Explain Budbreak/Budbrust

A

Occurs when the temperature begins to warm to about 10ºC and the vine begins transporting sap containing nutrients and energy stores form the roots to the buds to initiate shoot growth.

The dormant buds begin to push, and the compressed shoots stored inside begin growing.

77
Q

Explain Flowering and Fruit Set

A

When inflorescences start flowering the vine needs warm temperatures, sunshine and little or no rain otherwise pollination can be disrupted.

Fruit set occurs when a flower starts to develop into a grape.

78
Q

Explain Véraison

A

When grapes change colour from green to red or, in the case of white grapes, from bright lime green to a pale translucent green.

This occurs about four to six weeks after flowering. By véraison, the shoots are typically full height, and the vine’s energy is focused on fruit ripening. Colour, flavour and sugar begin accumulating in the fruit. Acidity and astringency decrease and the fruit begins to soften.

79
Q

Explain the Harvest

A

Depending on the desired level of ripeness, harvest ranges from 4 to 12 weeks after véraison for dry wine styles.

80
Q
A

Court MS - Certified (13 decks)

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