Vocab Ch 12

Question 1

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 1

The tendency to view our group members as less varied than ingoup members.

Question 2

Social identity theory

Answer 2

The idea that ingroups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership

Question 3

Ingroup favoritism

Answer 3

The tendency for people to evaluate favorable and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup

Question 4

Social facilitation

Answer 4

The idea that the presence of others generally enhances performance.

Question 5

Deindividuation

Answer 5

A state of reduced individuality, reduced self awareness , and reduced attention to personal standards; this phenomenon may occur when people are part of a group.

Question 6

Group polarization

Answer 6

The process by which initial attitudes of groups becomes more extreme over time.

Question 7

Groupthink

Answer 7

The tendency of the group to make a bad decision as a result of preserving the group and maintaining its cohesiveness; especially likely when the group is under intense pressure, is facing external threats, and is biased in a particular direction.

Question 8

Social loafing

Answer 8

The tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone.

Question 9

Conformity

Answer 9

The altering of ones behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people’s expectations.

Question 10

Normative influence

Answer 10

The tendency for people to conform in order to fit in with the group.

Question 11

Informational influence

Answer 11

The tendency for people to conform when they assume that the behavior of others represents the correct way to respond.

Question 12

Social norms

Answer 12

Expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior.

Question 13

Compliance

Answer 13

The tendency to do things requested by others

Question 14

Obedience

Answer 14

When a person follows orders of a person of authority.

Question 15

Aggression

Answer 15

Any behavior that involves the intention to harm another.

Question 16

Prosocial behaviors

Answer 16

Actions that tend to benefit others ,such as doing favors or helping.

Question 17

Altruism

Answer 17

Providing help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so.

Question 18

Inclusive fitness

Answer 18

An explanation for altruism that focuses on the adaptive benefit of transmitting genes, such as through kin selection, rather than focusing on individual survival.

Question 19

Bystander intervention effect

Answer 19

The failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need when other people are present.

Question 20

Attitudes

Answer 20

Peoples evaluations of objects, of events, or of ideas.

Question 21

Mere exposure effect

Answer 21

The idea that greater exposure to a stimulus leads to greater liking for it.

Question 22

Explicit attitudes

Answer 22

Attitudes that a person can report.

Question 23

Implicit attitudes

Answer 23

Attitudes that influence a person’s feelings and behavior at an unconscious level.

Question 24

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 24

An uncomfortable mental state resulting from a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior.

Question 25

Persuasion

Answer 25

The active and conscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message.

Question 26

Elaboration likelihood model

Answer 26

The idea that persuasive messages lead to attitude changes in either of two ways : via the central route or via the peripheral route

Question 27

Nonverbal behavior

Answer 27

The facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others.

Question 28

Attributions.

Answer 28

Peoples explanations for why events or actions occur.

Question 29

Personal attributions

Answer 29

Explanations of peoples behavior that refer to their internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts.

Question 30

Situational attributions

Answer 30

Explanations of peoples behavior that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other peoples actions.

Question 31

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 31

In explaining other peoples behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors.

Question 32

Actor/observer discrepancy

Answer 32

People focus on situations to explain their own behavior while focusing on dispositions to explain other peoples behavior.

Question 33

Prejudice

Answer 33

Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype.

Question 34

Discrimination

Answer 34

The inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice

Question 35

Modern racism

Answer 35

Subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs.

Question 36

“What is beautiful is good” stereotype

Answer 36

The belief that attractive people are superior in most ways.

Question 37

Passionate love

Answer 37

A state of intense longing and desire.

Question 38

Companionate love

Answer 38

A strong commitment based on friendship, trust, respect, and intimacy.