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week 4 > von bartheld development 1 > Flashcards

von bartheld development 1 Flashcards

1
Q

formation of three layers is by?

A

invaginating epiblast cells

these invaginating epiblast cells form mesoderm and what becomes the notocord before we have any neural tissue

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2
Q

three germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm: notocord and intraembryonic mesoderm
endoderm

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3
Q

describe the process of neurulation

A

neurulation=neural tube formation

Ectoderm thickens centrally and it forms a groove called the neural plate. The dorsal edges of that neural plate come to align and fuse with each other–forming the neural tube neural tube!!!!

what happened to the neural crest cells that were just lateral to the neural plate? they formed the intermediate zone of neural crest!

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4
Q

neural tube closure

also at how many days do you have the cranial and caudal neuropores?

A

The neural plate first comes together first in the middle part, and then it zips up rostrally and caudally. You also have somites on the side of the neural tube.

At 23 days, you have cranial neuropore and caudal neuropore

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5
Q

in order to allow for neurulation, the ectoderm had to convert to neural ectoderm (neural plate/neural crest).

let’s backtrack; what allowed this?

A

The notocord sends signals to the overlying ectoderm to become neuronal.

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6
Q

the name for the amphibian equivalent of the notocord?

A

the dorsal lip…. it was used in experiments in the 20s to show that the notocord induces the formation of neural ectoderm.

transplating a dorsal lip led to the induction of a second neural plate… sometimes even a secondary embryo

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7
Q

explain BMP-4

A

Default of the ectoderm is to become neuronal

but that is inhibited by BMP-4 which prevents the ectoderm from becoming neuronal (BMP-4 inhibition occurs in the areas lateral to the neural plate)

In the neural plate, BMP-4 binding is inhibited to its receptor by chordin and noggin—which are specifically released by the notochord.

Without bmp-4 =====> become neuronal

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8
Q

two ends of neural tube

A

roof plate w/ all the sensory stuff

floorplate w/ all the motor stuff

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9
Q

neuroepithelial cells

A

slide 14 dev 1 ask von bartheld

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10
Q

ventricular zone stuff (neuroepithelial layer)

adjacent to the floor plate are…

adjacent to the roof plate are….

A

floor; an basal plate on each side (sensory)

roof: an alar plate on each side (motor)

sulcus limitans

marginal layer is peripheral to the plates

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11
Q

when does the neural tube start and stop losing?

A

starts at day 19 and goes to day 23

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12
Q

most common neural tube defect

describe it

A

spina bifida occulta

Spina bifidia occulta: intact neural tube but the arches did not form properly and skin has more hairs.

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13
Q

what does spina bifida occulta look lke?

A

Spina bifidia occulta: intact neural tube but the arches did not form properly and skin has more hairs.

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14
Q

what does a meningocele look like?

A

More severe when you have prolapse of the subarachnoid space ======>big ol dorsal subarachnoid space

Can easily be fixed w/ surgery

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15
Q

what does a meningoceole look like?

A

nerves tissue itself protures. the spinal cord itself goes way posterior

Harder to fix

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16
Q

what does rachisis lok like?

A

Rachschisis ====> no normal structure formation… looks like sinal cord didnt even form

definitely would see neurological symptoms.

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17
Q

anencephaly

A

no brain formed!!!

somemes a brainstem. no telencephalon

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18
Q

NTD incidence

A

1-8 per 1000 live births

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19
Q

NTD etiology

A

failure of neural tube closure

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20
Q

throw out four NTD causes

A

chromosomal stuff
DIABEETUS!!!!!
teratogens (epilepsy or acne meds)

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21
Q

top NTD prevention tool

A

folic acid!

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22
Q

tools for prenatoal diagnosis

A

US (esp to see anencephaly)

protein levels of S 100 and AFP

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23
Q

when can high folate be bad?

A

if you have b12 deficiency, high folate will mask hematologic disease and worse neuro symptoms

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24
Q

give three examples of infections agents that are teratogens for neural dev

A

rubella: eye and ear defects
cytomegalovirus: eye defect, microcephaly
toxoplasmosis: hydrocephalus!!!!

cyto: ppl may not know they have it
toxo: stay away from cats!

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25
Q

give two examples of physical agents/temperature that are teratogens for neural dev

A

x rays: spina bifida

hyperthermia: neural tube defects

26
Q

give four examples of drugs that are teratogens for neural dev

A

epilepsy, vit A overdose, folic acid overdose: NTD

alcohol: mental retardation (not NTD tho)

27
Q

what is the period for most sensitivity for malformations?

week specific

A

weeks 3-8

28
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

throw out five signs

A 
Thin Upper Lip
Short Palpebral Fissures
Flat Nasal Bridge
Short Nose
Elongated Philtrum (space between nose and lip)
29
Q

eye comes from placode and neural tube. explain

A

Neural elements (retina) come from the neural tube. Optic grooves (2 total, one on each side) )extends laterally and induces the neural ectoderm to thicken, forming the lens placode.

the optic grovves themselves invaginate to form the optic vesicle too, which will form the future retina

30
Q

describe the two layers of the optic stalk

A

seperating them = intraretinal space

outer layer = the future pigment layer

inner layer = the future neural layer

^ early in dev they form the optic cup/optic talk (more medially) and they almost close as a circle– but they don’t coz there’s a space between them called the CHOROID FISSURE!!!!!!. just uperior to the choroid fissure is the hyaloid artery

31
Q

MAC define

incidience

A

Microphthalmia-Anophthalmia-Coloboma (MAC) disease = disease spectrum of PERSISTENT choroid fissure

(1 in 10,000)

32
Q

the hyaloid vessel connects supplies the early……

A

lens

this artery degenerates eventually in dev

33
Q

the early eye is covered by ……

A

undifferentiated mesenchyme laterally/all around, except anteriorly where it is covered by surface ectoderm

34
Q

formation of inner ear:
otic vesicle formation
inner ear dev
formation of semicircular cannals

A

Inner ear by thickening of ectoderm (nduced by neuroectoderm of neural tube) —> invagination/thickening of ectoderm ——> otic pit forms (just a more prominent invagination —–> otic vesicle forms within the mesenchyme

whaddup with the subacoustic ganglion? small parts of the otic vesicle peel off to form the subacoustic ganglion

What forms the endolymphatic sac and duct? otic vesicle grows to make the endolymphatic duct and terminal sac, a middle utricular portion, and a saccular portion. between the utricule and the saccular portion, there is a utriculosaccular duct. a tubular outgrowth of the sacule forms the future cochlear duct. ductus reuniens = attaches saccule to cochlear duct

Outpocketing forms outer edges of inner ear canal. The central portions of pocket become apposed ——-> central poprtions disappear and we have sculpted canals.

35
Q

middle ear derives from?

A

endoderm (tympanic cavity)

1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches (ossicles-= aka ear bones)

36
Q

hox gene fxn

A

Hox genes: allow for segmentation of the neural tube

Some of these genes are expressed preferentially in specific levels.
Hox genes modify the segmentation of the neural axis.

37
Q

what constitutes the prosencephalon?
how bout the mesen?
how bout the rhomb?

original three: pros, mesen, rhomb

A

With time, pros===>telen and dien
mesen =====> stays mesen
With time, rhomb ======> meten and myelen

38
Q 
telen
dien
mesen
meten
mylen
A 
telen =all the cerebral stuff
dien= thal and hypothal
mesen = midbrain
meten = pons and cerebellum
myele = medulla
39
Q

why do we call it rhombocepalon?

A

Coz if you peel it ioff you get a rhombus shape

40
Q 
part of neural tube:
lateral ventricles
third
cerebral aqueduct
fourth
A

lat+third = telen
third = dien too
cerebral aque = mesen
fourth ventricle = rhombo

41
Q

CSF stenosis can lead to?

A

hydrocephalus

Means water head. Need to provide grainage to remove the extra csf

42
Q

pituitary dev:

anterior and posterior lobes of pituitary

A

Rathke’s pouch extends to level of diencephalon —-> rathke’s forms ===> anterior lobe of the pituitary is actually formed by the ECTODERM

The pars nervosa formed by neural tube.

Sometimes there can be remnants that lead to tumors

43
Q

spinal cord/ vertebrae dev

A

Growth of the vertebrae and spinal cord ins not aligned.

Early on, spine extends all the way down with the last vertebrae. And then the spinal cord goes up relative to the vertebrae (spinal cord bodies end at around L)

In kids you could do your lumbar puncture.

44
Q

what are the four sources of neurons or glial?

A

Neural Tube (Ventricular Zone)
Placodes
Neural Crest
Stem Cells

45
Q

what is the ventricular zone?

A

the region of the zpinal cord which pushing right on the lumen of the neural tube cavity

46
Q

neurogenesis in ventricular zone

A

-start: neuron has process to both marginal zone and ventricular zone–cell body is near ventricle
-early cycle: neuron cell body migrates toward the marginal zone
-early cycle : cell body is really near the ventricular zone
^^ these first parts = the yoyo part

  • close to cell division: cell body: neurons prune off the process in the marginal zone and stay really close to the ventricle side
  • after division: process toward marginal zone reforms and then the cell body starts migrating again

EVERY NEW CELL DIVISION = REPEAT THIS PROCESS

47
Q

neural crest migration

A

neural crest cells migrate and obtain different fates

in order to migrate, they can become mesenchymal during migration

48
Q

throw out examples of things that neural crest can become

A

From neural crest cell, we can get pigment cells, dorsal root ganglion cells, symp ganglion, chromaffin cells. They can also become satellite or schwann cells in DRG.

49
Q

give two examples of things that come from trunk crest and cranial crest

A

glial cells of peripheral nerves

melanocytes

50
Q

give three examples of things that are only trunk crest

A

spinal gangla
sympathetic ganglia
adrenal medulla

51
Q

give examples of derivative sthat are only neural crest/?

A 
cranial ganglia, 5 7 9 10
PARAsympganglia (symp for trunk crest)
carotid body
thryoid
facial cranial bones and cartilage
dermis, adontoblast
muscle (cicliary, ascular)

what does this mean exactly

52
Q

embryonic SC def

A
  • self-renewing

can give rise to ALL tissue and cell types (including germ cells)

53
Q

somatic SC def

A

Self-renewing

  • Can give rise to full range of diploid, tissue-specific cell classes
54
Q

neural SC def

A

Self-renewing

Can give rise to full range of diploid, tissue-specific cell classes

55
Q

neural progenitor cell def

A

Neural Progenitor Cell

  • no self-renewal; can give rise to only one class of neurons
56
Q

origin of most neurons and glia

A

origin = neuroepithelial cells

exception = microglial coz they come from mesenchyme

57
Q

myelination:
schwann cells are for….
oligodendrocytes are for….

A

PNS

CNS

they have their cell bodies perripheral to the myelin sheath

58
Q

name of two models to explain cell diversity

A

cell interaction model (bast off many kinds of factors–inducing agents or glucocorticoids, etc)
cell lineage model

reality: a little of both

59
Q

fxn of radial glia

A

Radial glia emerge early on and provide a scaffold for which neurons can move from ventricular zone toward the pial surface, which is basically how we generate the cortex

60
Q

describe the layer development of the cortex

A

inside out!!!!! start in layer VI area…. layer 1 gets added last

61
Q

neuronal migration examples:
neural crest, of course.

talk about these tho:
mesencephalic nucleis of 5
olfactor placode/hypothal
oculomotor neurons

A

Mesenphalic nuc of V: cells responsible for proprioception, you’d think they’d belong to the trigeminal ganglio but they go to midbrain for some reason. We don’t know why.

Some cells in the olfactor placode go all the way to the hypothal, I think he said that.

Oculomotor neurons, subpop, switch sides… don’t worry about it for any practical purposes.

week 4 (5 decks)

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