W3: Lymphocytes

Question 1

largest + smallest wbc

Answer 1

largest = monocyte
smallest = lymphocyte

Question 2

3 types of wbcs that are part of the innate immune sys

Answer 2

basophils
neutrophils
eosinophils

Question 3

what other granulocytes are part of innate IS

Answer 3

mast cells

Question 4

what do granules of each of the innate IS stain with

Answer 4

B - methylene blue
N - neutral
E - eosin

Question 5

3 other cells that are part of innate IS

Answer 5

macrophages
dendritic cells
NK cells (BUT are a type of lymphocyte)

Question 6

which cells trigger adaptive IS + how

Answer 6

dendritic cells (are antigen presenting cells) present antigens to lymphocytes

Question 7

cells in adaptive IS

Answer 7

lymphocytes
(T cells + B cells)

Question 8

3 features of innate IS

Answer 8

fast
non-specific (trigger)
generic (response)

Question 9

what are part of both innate + adaptive immunity

Answer 9

interferons
complement

Question 10

which 3 cells part of IIS can phagocytose

Answer 10

macrophages
neutrophils (APCs)
eosinophils

Question 11

role of NK cells

Answer 11

immunological surveillance
detects foreign cells but doesn’t raise specific resp

Question 12

body surface defences - part of IIS

Answer 12

physical barriers - skin, hairs, epithelial mems
antimicrobial substances - HCl (in stomach), lysozymes (in saliva), natural Abs

Question 13

inflammation caused by IIR or AIR

Answer 13

IIR

Question 14

4 physiological resps of inflammation

Answer 14

rubor = redness
calor = heat
dolor = pain
tumour = swelling

Question 15

which types of lymphocytes cause which type of immunity + roles

Answer 15

B = humoral immunity (prod Abs)
T = cell mediated immunity (involved in killing infected cell/ bacteria/ viruses)

Question 16

type of infection causing high no. of neutrophils

Answer 16

bacterial

Question 17

type of infection causing high no. of lymphocytes

Answer 17

viral

Question 18

MHC + role

Answer 18

major histocompatibility complex
antigen presentation - displays fragments of cell for t-cell recog

Question 19

what is HLA

Answer 19

human leukocyte antigen
gene encoding MHCs (MHC-I) in humans so presents intracellular material to surface

Question 20

does highest or lowest polymorphism give better survival chances/ less susceptible to infection

Answer 20

highest

Question 21

3 types of HLA

Answer 21

A
B
DR
*lots of alleles for each

Question 22

how many HLAs of each type

Answer 22

A - 59
B - 118
DR - 124

Question 23

how many sets of HLAs does each person inherit from each parent

Answer 23

3

Question 24

what does individual HLA expression determine

Answer 24

compatibility of tissues for organ/ bone marrow transplants

Question 25

diff btwn MHC-I vs MHC-II

Answer 25

MHC I found on surface of ALL nucleated cells (not rbcs + platelets) presents to T cytotoxic cells MHC II found on surface of APCs presents to T helper cells

Question 26

why are lymphocytes heterogenous

Answer 26

bc diff lineages/ stages of maturation can be distinguished by expression of diff CD (cluster of differentiation) molecules

Question 27

which type of lymphocytes match w which CD (co-receptor) markers

Answer 27

CD4+ = t helper - MHCII CD8+ = t cytotoxic - MHCI CD19 = B cell

Question 28

synonym for NK cells

Answer 28

LGL = large granular lymphocytes

Question 29

which type of immunity is mediated by t cells

Answer 29

cell-mediated

Question 30

which type of immunity is mediated by b cells

Answer 30

humoral

Question 31

where are t cells made and then matured

Answer 31

made in BM mature in thymus

Question 32

name for immature t cells

Answer 32

thymocytes

Question 33

first thing t cells are screened for in thymus (as they mature)

Answer 33

positive selection at cortex to see if they have functioning t cell receptor

Question 34

second thing t cells are screened for in thymus (as they mature)

Answer 34

negative selection at cortex-medulla border apoptosis of thymocytes that recog self

Question 35

which CD is a dimeric mem glycoprotein

Answer 35

CD8+

Question 36

which CD is a mem glycoprotein (monomer)

Answer 36

CD4+

Question 37

role of CD4+ t cells

Answer 37

release cytokines to help recruit + activate other immune cells

Question 38

2 mechanisms CD8+ Tc cells used to kill infected cells

Answer 38

apoptosis -> perforin -> cell lysis secrete interferon gamma - limits viral rep + spread of infection

Question 39

final trigger of which CDs is req for full activation of MHCII Th cells

Answer 39

CD80/CD86 with CD28

Question 40

4 molecules expressed on B cells

Answer 40

B cell receptor CD19 (coreceptor) MHCII CD40

Question 41

B cell receptor = synonym for

Answer 41

surface antibody IgD, IgM, IgG

Question 42

what is central tolerance process

Answer 42

testing + elimination of B cells (before they leave the BM) that react strongly to self by apoptosis

Question 43

plasma cells known as

Answer 43

Ab prod "factories"

Question 44

important components inside B cells

Answer 44

lots of rough ER extensive golgi apparatus to secrete Abs

Question 45

which Ab prod during initial infection

Answer 45

IgM

Question 46

IgM class switched w which Ab later on in infection

Answer 46

IgG

Question 47

blood w high IgM + IgG indicates

Answer 47

recent infection

Question 48

blood w ONLY high IgG indicates

Answer 48

longer period since infection *timings differ w each type of infection

Question 49

3 Ab actions

Answer 49

- opsonisation - coats Ags in receptors - more easily recog -> enhances phagocytosis - complement activation - forms complement complex, makes hole in mem -> lysis - neutralisation - Abs mop up pathogens/ toxins - prevents their action

Question 50

role of memory B cells

Answer 50

confer immunological memory, ensuring that re-exposure (secondary response) to pathogen is rapid

Question 51

where are memory B cells mostly found

Answer 51

spleen lymph nodes MALT tissue circulating blood

Question 52

B cells must undergo ____ before they can become memory B cells

Answer 52

(Ab) class switch

Question 53

memory B cells prod high levels of which Abs

Answer 53

IgA IgG IgE - linked to inflamm + asthma