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Clinical Biomedicine > W3: Lymphocytes > Flashcards

W3: Lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

largest + smallest wbc

A

largest = monocyte
smallest = lymphocyte

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2
Q

3 types of wbcs that are part of the innate immune sys

A

basophils
neutrophils
eosinophils

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3
Q

what other granulocytes are part of innate IS

A

mast cells

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4
Q

what do granules of each of the innate IS stain with

A

B - methylene blue
N - neutral
E - eosin

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5
Q

3 other cells that are part of innate IS

A

macrophages
dendritic cells
NK cells (BUT are a type of lymphocyte)

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6
Q

which cells trigger adaptive IS + how

A

dendritic cells (are antigen presenting cells) present antigens to lymphocytes

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7
Q

cells in adaptive IS

A

lymphocytes
(T cells + B cells)

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8
Q

3 features of innate IS

A

fast
non-specific (trigger)
generic (response)

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9
Q

what are part of both innate + adaptive immunity

A

interferons
complement

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10
Q

which 3 cells part of IIS can phagocytose

A

macrophages
neutrophils (APCs)
eosinophils

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11
Q

role of NK cells

A

immunological surveillance
detects foreign cells but doesn’t raise specific resp

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12
Q

body surface defences - part of IIS

A

physical barriers - skin, hairs, epithelial mems
antimicrobial substances - HCl (in stomach), lysozymes (in saliva), natural Abs

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13
Q

inflammation caused by IIR or AIR

A

IIR

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14
Q

4 physiological resps of inflammation

A

rubor = redness
calor = heat
dolor = pain
tumour = swelling

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15
Q

which types of lymphocytes cause which type of immunity + roles

A

B = humoral immunity (prod Abs)
T = cell mediated immunity (involved in killing infected cell/ bacteria/ viruses)

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16
Q

type of infection causing high no. of neutrophils

A

bacterial

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17
Q

type of infection causing high no. of lymphocytes

A

viral

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18
Q

MHC + role

A

major histocompatibility complex
antigen presentation - displays fragments of cell for t-cell recog

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19
Q

what is HLA

A

human leukocyte antigen
gene encoding MHCs (MHC-I) in humans so presents intracellular material to surface

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20
Q

does highest or lowest polymorphism give better survival chances/ less susceptible to infection

A

highest

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21
Q

3 types of HLA

A

A
B
DR
*lots of alleles for each

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22
Q

how many HLAs of each type

A

A - 59
B - 118
DR - 124

23
Q

how many sets of HLAs does each person inherit from each parent

A

3

24
Q

what does individual HLA expression determine

A

compatibility of tissues for organ/ bone marrow transplants

25
Q

diff btwn MHC-I vs MHC-II

A

MHC I
found on surface of ALL nucleated cells (not rbcs + platelets)
presents to T cytotoxic cells

MHC II
found on surface of APCs
presents to T helper cells

26
Q

why are lymphocytes heterogenous

A

bc diff lineages/ stages of maturation can be distinguished by expression of diff CD (cluster of differentiation) molecules

27
Q

which type of lymphocytes match w which CD (co-receptor) markers

A

CD4+ = t helper - MHCII
CD8+ = t cytotoxic - MHCI
CD19 = B cell

28
Q

synonym for NK cells

A

LGL = large granular lymphocytes

29
Q

which type of immunity is mediated by t cells

A

cell-mediated

30
Q

which type of immunity is mediated by b cells

A

humoral

31
Q

where are t cells made and then matured

A

made in BM
mature in thymus

32
Q

name for immature t cells

A

thymocytes

33
Q

first thing t cells are screened for in thymus (as they mature)

A

positive selection at cortex
to see if they have functioning t cell receptor

34
Q

second thing t cells are screened for in thymus (as they mature)

A

negative selection at cortex-medulla border
apoptosis of thymocytes that recog self

35
Q

which CD is a dimeric mem glycoprotein

A

CD8+

36
Q

which CD is a mem glycoprotein (monomer)

A

CD4+

37
Q

role of CD4+ t cells

A

release cytokines to help recruit + activate other immune cells

38
Q

2 mechanisms CD8+ Tc cells used to kill infected cells

A

apoptosis -> perforin -> cell lysis

secrete interferon gamma - limits viral rep + spread of infection

39
Q

final trigger of which CDs is req for full activation of MHCII Th cells

A

CD80/CD86 with CD28

40
Q

4 molecules expressed on B cells

A

B cell receptor
CD19 (coreceptor)
MHCII
CD40

41
Q

B cell receptor = synonym for

A

surface antibody
IgD, IgM, IgG

42
Q

what is central tolerance process

A

testing + elimination of B cells (before they leave the BM) that react strongly to self by apoptosis

43
Q

plasma cells known as

A

Ab prod “factories”

44
Q

important components inside B cells

A

lots of rough ER
extensive golgi apparatus to secrete Abs

45
Q

which Ab prod during initial infection

A

IgM

46
Q

IgM class switched w which Ab later on in infection

A

IgG

47
Q

blood w high IgM + IgG indicates

A

recent infection

48
Q

blood w ONLY high IgG indicates

A

longer period since infection

*timings differ w each type of infection

49
Q

3 Ab actions

A
  • opsonisation - coats Ags in receptors - more easily recog
    -> enhances phagocytosis
  • complement activation - forms complement complex, makes hole in mem -> lysis
  • neutralisation - Abs mop up pathogens/ toxins - prevents their action
50
Q

role of memory B cells

A

confer immunological memory, ensuring that re-exposure (secondary response) to pathogen is rapid

51
Q

where are memory B cells mostly found

A

spleen
lymph nodes
MALT tissue
circulating blood

52
Q

B cells must undergo ____ before they can become memory B cells

A

(Ab) class switch

53
Q

memory B cells prod high levels of which Abs

A

IgA
IgG
IgE - linked to inflamm + asthma

Clinical Biomedicine (23 decks)

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