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PA-CAT Biochemistry > Water and pH > Flashcards

Water and pH Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water.

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2
Q

What are the major solutes in extracellular fluid and tightly regular total body water content, circulating volume, and blood pH?

A
  1. Sodium (Na+)

2. Chloride (Cl-)

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3
Q

What are the important functions of sodium and chloride in the body?

A

tightly regular total water body content, circulating volume, and blood pH

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4
Q

What percentage of water is found in intracellular fluid?

A

55%-75%

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5
Q

What percentage of water is found in extracellular fluid?

A

25%-45%

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6
Q

The total body weight percentage is higher in (women, men)?

A

men

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7
Q

The water found in extracellular fluid is in intravascular and extravascular water. Name an example of where this fluid is found.

A

Intravascular- plasma

Extravascular- interstitial spaces

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8
Q

What is osmolality?

A

the solute or particular concentration of a fluid measured in osmoles or milliosmoles per kilogram of solvent

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9
Q

What is Osmolarity?

A

the solute concentration of a fluid measured in osmoles or milliosmoles per liter of fluid

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10
Q

What is an osmole?

A

the number of moles of solute that contribute to osmotic pressure

Ex. 1 mol of NaCl when dissolved results in 2 osmoles, Na+ and Cl-

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11
Q

What are the major rules of water homeostasis?

A
  1. Water intake must balance water loss

2. Osmotic equilibrium is required

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12
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

the process by which water or any solvent will cross a semipermeable membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration until both sides of the semipermeable membrane are equal concentrations

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13
Q

In the human body, in what way does ECF osmolality = ICF osmolality?

A
  1. water ingestion
  2. hormonal control
  3. excretory system
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14
Q

When you ingest water, what happens to the osmolality as it goes through the bloodstream?

A

it decreases due to more water in the system

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15
Q

When the water goes through the bloodstream and gets filters by the kidneys, what happens to the osmolality?

A

it increases due to less water in the system

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16
Q

What is the normal fluid osmolality in the human body?

A

280 - 295 mOsm/kg

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17
Q

What organ is the key to mediate water homeostasis?

A

the kidneys

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18
Q

Which osmolality controls thirst and hormonal mechanisms?

A

plasma osmolality

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19
Q

What is the primary hormone that controls homeostasis?

A

arginine vasopressin (AVP) also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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20
Q

AVP is stored and secreted where?

A

in the hypothalamus

21
Q

AVP has axonal transport to the posterior pituitary gland where it is released where?

A

to the bloodstream

22
Q

AVP has axonal transport where before it is released into the bloodstream?

A

posterior pituitary gland

23
Q

AVP has two manifests. What are they?

A
  1. it increases the selective reabsorption of solute free water by aquaporins in the kidney that specifically takes place in the tubules of the nephron. Result: urine volume is decreased and concentration of urine increases
  2. at high enough levels of stimulation, it can cause constriction of the arterials, therefore raising arterial blood pressure
24
Q

AVP has a very short half life of how long?

A

16-24 minutes

25
Q

AVP is released when plasma osmolality exceeds what?

A

-285 mOSm/kg

26
Q

AVP can also be released when baroceptors do what?

A

detect a drop in blood pressure.

27
Q

Osmolality of extracellular fluid is directly dependent on what?

A

the modulation of water excretion in the distal tube and collecting duct of the kdieny

28
Q

If the excretion is increased by the kidneys by producing urine with low osmolality, what is the urine like?

A

diluted urine

29
Q

If the excretion of the kidneys is decreased by producing urine with a high osmolality, what kind of urine do you get?

A

concentrated urine.

30
Q

What are the two main measures used for the excretory function of the kidney?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration rate (GF)

2. Filtration Fraction (FF)

31
Q

What is GFR?

A

the volume of fluid that is filtered through the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time

32
Q

What is FF?

A

the GFR relative to the renal plasma flow (RPF)

33
Q

How to calculate GFR?

A

(Urine Concentration x Urine Flow)/Plasma Concentration

34
Q

How to calculate FF?

A

GFR/RPF

35
Q

What does pH regulation do?

A

maintains balance between H+ ions and compounds that bind H+ ions in solution

36
Q

Normal pH is between…….

A

7.2 and 7.5

37
Q

Is blood slightly basic or slightly acidic?

A

slightly basic

38
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

39
Q

What is acidosis?

A

abnormally low plasma pH

40
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

abnormally high plasma pH

41
Q

Is low pH acidic or basic?

A

acidic

42
Q

Is high pH acidic or basic?

A

basic

43
Q

What is the most significant buffer system in the human body?

A

Bicarbonate and carbon dioxide system

44
Q

Other buffers in the human body utilize what?

A

hemoglobin and phosphatase

45
Q

In the phosphate buffer system, is Na1H2PO4- the weak acid or base?

A

weak acid

46
Q

In the phosphate buffer system, is Na2HPO4 2- the weak acid or base?

A

weak base

47
Q

Explain the respiratory regulation of holding your breath?

A

blood CO2 increases, combines with H2O to form carbonic acid and lowers pH

48
Q

Explain the respiratory regulation of hyperventilation.

A

blood CO2 decreases, carbonic acid levels decrease and blood pH rises

PA-CAT Biochemistry (1 decks)

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