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MY A&P 2015 > Water balance > Flashcards

Water balance Flashcards

1
Q

How many patients approx died in hospital of dehydration?

A

800

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2
Q

What can a deficit in body fluids be caused by?

A

Vomiting/ dirrhoea/ excessive sweating / low water intake / burn drainage / damage to thirst mechanism

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3
Q

Chemical name for water?

A

H20

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4
Q

Why do we need h20?

A 
Universals solvent
Chemicals occur in water
Found as a major component of plasma and cells
Lubricant of joints
High ability to absorb and retain heat
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5
Q

How does water help a bodies temperature?

A

Stays in a liquid state over broad range, stabilise temp, sweating carries heat away from body

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6
Q

What is the body’s total water amount?

A

32-40l

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7
Q

How much water is lost through urine?

A

1500ml

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8
Q

How much water is lost through stools?

A

100ml

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9
Q

How much water is lost through sweat?

A

200 ml

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10
Q

How much water is lost through respitory loss?

A

700ml

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11
Q

What is the body’s composition?

A 
Water - 60%
Fat 18%
Protein 16%
Carbs 0.7%
MinerAls - 5.2%
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12
Q

Water volume in a adult is __________ compared to younger people?

A

Lower

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13
Q

How much water is extra cellular water?

A

22%

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14
Q

How much water is intracellular fluid?

A

38%

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15
Q

What is extra cellular fluid?

A

Fluid in blood & lymph vessels

Cerebrospinal fluid & fluid in interstitial space of the body

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16
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Tissue fluid - bathes all the cells of the body except the outer layer of the skin

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17
Q

What is the movement of substances dissolved or suspended in blood water described as?

A

Passive process

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18
Q

What substances can pass through blood water?

A

Electrolytes, enzymes, antibodies, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dixiode, cell waste materials

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19
Q

To maintain homeostasis fluid must be kept within?

A

Narrow limits

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20
Q

How many litres of intracellular fluid is there?

A

25-28l

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21
Q

How many litres of extra cellular fluid is there?

A

12l (3l plasma 9.5l interstitial)

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22
Q

What are the two types of diffusion?

A

Simple

Facilitated

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23
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semi permeable membrane

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24
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Allowed substances to move in and out of cells

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25
Q

What is another name for the random motion in diffusion?

A

Browian movement

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26
Q

What factors effect rate of diffusion?

A

Temp // molecular weight (large = slow) // steepness of conc gradient /// membrane surface area // membrane permeability

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27
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Process of transfer of water across a semipermeable membrane when equilibrium cannot be achieved by diffusion?

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28
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

When solute molecules are too large to pass through pores, the force in which this occurs.

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29
Q

What is the osmotic pull?

A

Water crosses the semipermeable membrane from side of low conc to that of high

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30
Q

When equilibrium is achieves in a solution this is called?

A

Isotonic

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31
Q

What is a solution?

A

A homogeneous mixture of one or more dissimilar substances usually a liquid and a solute

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32
Q

What are the 3 types of solutions?

A

Aqueous // colloids // suspensions

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33
Q

What is a aqueous solution?

A

Small molecules dissolve - ionic compounds dissociate

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34
Q

What is a colloids solution?

A

Proteins or other large molecules as a solute

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35
Q

What is a suspension solution?

A

Even larger molecules than colloid soultions - particles settle if undisturbed

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36
Q

How can the concentration of solutions be measured?

A

G/L - weight per volume
Percentage
How many moles

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37
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Number of osmoles/l solution

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38
Q

What is a isotonic solution?

A

Concentration of electrolytes outside cell is equal to that inside a cell.
No water movement
No change in shape.

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39
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Low concentration of solute a that do not cross the membrane
It has a high water content, dilute.
Cells in this solution swell and can burst if they delate to much.

40
Q

What is a hypERtonic solution?

A

Low water concentration and high concentration of solutes that do not cross the membrane. Water moves to balance water and iron cells.
In this solution cells loose water a shrivel up.

41
Q

What mechanism does the body tell us we need more or less water?

A

Thirst

42
Q

What is the name from over hydration?

A

Hyponatraemia // water intoxication

43
Q

What factors influence water movement?

A

Movement of fluid between compartments through a selectively per able membrane driven by hydrostatic pressure

44
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The force exerted on the membrane by water/fluid in a resting cell.

45
Q

What does water always follow?

A

Salt

46
Q

How does water move across a plasma membrane?

A

Diffusion

47
Q

What does water move by?

A

Osmosis

48
Q

What are the electrolytes inside a cell?

A

NA 15mmol // K+ 150mmol // Cl- 9mmol

49
Q

What are the electrolytes outside of a cell?

A

NA+ 150mmol // k+ 5.5mmol // Cl - 25mmol

50
Q

What is the most dominant ion?

A

Sodium

51
Q

What is sodium needed for?

A

Nerve conduction

52
Q

What is sodium controlled by?

A

ANP// aldosterone

53
Q

What is it called to have to much sodium?

A

HYPERNAtraemia

54
Q

What can cause somebody to have too much sodium?

A

High dietary
WTer loss
Raised bp

55
Q

What are the effects of too much sodium?

A

Thirst
Fever
Convulsions
Raised BP

56
Q

What is it called if you have too little sodium?

A

HYPO NA traemia

57
Q

What can cause somebody to have little sodium?

A

Vomiting, diarrhoea , burns

58
Q

What are the effects of too little sodium?

A

Lethargy // confusion // decreased BP

59
Q

What is the normal range for potassium?

A

3.5 - 5 mol

60
Q

What does potassium do?

A

Returning cell to its resting state after excitation

61
Q

What is it called if you have to much potassium?

A

HYPER KA Aemia

62
Q

What can cause HYPERNAtraemia?

A

Renal excretion// burns // cell trauma

63
Q

What can be the effects of hyperkakamenia?

A

Muscle weakness

64
Q

What is it called to have to little potassium?

A

HYPO KA Lemia

65
Q

What are the symptoms of hypokalemia?

A

Abnormal ECG, bracacarida, muscle cramps

66
Q

How long does K get stored in the blood for?

A

21-35 days

67
Q

If there is a K leakage in blood what is it called?

A

Hyperkalemic

68
Q

What is the normal concentration for calcium?

A

9.4mg/100ml

69
Q

What is it called to have to much calcium?

A

HYPER CA Aemia

70
Q

What can cause hypercalcaemia?

A

Excessive hormone, fatigue, weakness

71
Q

What hormone is calcium controlled by?

A

Parathyroid hormone

72
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone produce?

A

Calcitonin

73
Q

Other than , K, NA, Ca what other electrolytes?

A

Magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosph

74
Q

How do electrolytes get into and out of a cell?

A

The plasma membrane

75
Q

How does the plasma membrane help a cell?

A

Define cell boundaries
Maintain homeostasis
Control interact
Regulates what goes in and out of a cell

76
Q

What is heavier lipids or proteins?

A

Proteins

77
Q

What is the purpose of cholesterol in cell membrane?

A

Makes membrane fluid, if fluid low - more rigid

78
Q

What do membrane proteins do?

A

Cross the plasma membrane

Adhere to intracellular surface

79
Q

What is the function of membrane proteins?

A

Cell I’d markers, receptors, channels, carriers, enzymes

80
Q

What are the principle,ess of membrane transport?

A

Apical - basolateral

81
Q

Why are some channel proteins always open?

A

They allow water and hydrophilic solutes diffuse in and out of cells

82
Q

What is a name of channel proteins that are always open?

A

Aquaporins

83
Q

Some channels proteins only open when?

A

Chemical messengers bind to them

84
Q

When is it important for channel proteins to control?

A

In nerv signals and muscle contractions

85
Q

What are pumps?

A

Carriers using ATP

86
Q

What are the two layers of a carrier?

A

Passive

Active

87
Q

What happens to a carrier?

A

It become saturated

88
Q

What is active transport?

A

Carrier that requires ATP, moving AGAINST gradients

89
Q

The most plentiful ion in intracellular fluid is?

A

Potassium

90
Q

Active movement across cell membrane?

A

Carrier & bulk

91
Q

Passive movement across cell membrane is?

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration

92
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Eliminating or secreting material from a cell

93
Q

What are the main functions of S-P pump!

A

Regulate cell volume

Maintain membrane potential

94
Q

What is an example of active transports?

A

Sodium and potassium pump

95
Q

What is the process of active transport?

A
  1. Substance binds together
  2. ATP phosphorylates carrier
  3. Carrier changes shape
  4. Carrier releases substance
96
Q

What are the symptoms of dehydration?

A

Sunken eyes/ lack of skin tugor/low blood pressure/concentrated urine / weight loss/ dry mouth / increase pulse rate

MY A&P 2015 (15 decks)

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