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Physical Geography > Water on the land > Flashcards

Water on the land Flashcards

1
Q

Where does a river start?

A

The Upper Course

In highlands

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2
Q

What is the river like in the Upper Course?

A

Narrow and shallow

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3
Q

What is a river like in the Middle Course?

A

Gentler slope and a wider channel than the Upper Course

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4
Q

What is the Lower Course like?

A

Deeper and Wider than any of the other ‘courses’

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5
Q

What way do cross profiles look at a river

A

Head on so you can see the bank either side and the river

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6
Q

What way does a long profile look at a river

A

Side on so you only see the land and the river is hidden the other side

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7
Q

What is the load like in the Upper Course?

A

Large and angular

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8
Q

How is the load transported in the Upper Course?

A

Traction and saltation

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9
Q

How are the banks eroded in the Upper Course?

A

By vertical erosion with hydraulic action, abrasion and attrition being dominant processes.

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10
Q

How is the load transported in the Middle Course?

A

Suspension

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11
Q

How much load is there in the Middle Course?

A

A large amount

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12
Q

What is the load like in the Middle Course?

A

Small in size and very rounded

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13
Q

What type of erosion takes place in the Middle Course?

A

lateral erosion and deposition

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14
Q

What happens to the load in the Middle Course?

A

It becomes less angular and smaller

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15
Q

What erosion in there in the Lower Course?

A

Not much, deposition becomes more important than erosion here.

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16
Q

What’s the load like in the Lower Course

A

There’s a large amount

It’s very rounded

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17
Q

Drainage Basin

A

The area of land drained by a river

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18
Q

Catchment Area

A

The area within a drainage basin

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19
Q

Water shed

A

The edge of highland surrounding a drainage basin. It marks the branches of drainage basins.

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20
Q

Source

A

Beginning/start of a river

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21
Q

Confluence

A

The point at which 2 rivers or streams meet

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22
Q

Tributary

A

A stream or smaller river which joins a larger stream or river

23
Q

Mouth

A

The point of which a river comes to its end. Usually entering the sea.

24
Q

Erosion

A

The wearing away of land or soil by the action of wind, water or ice

25
Q

Deposition

A

When a river slows down and has less energy it drops it’s load

26
Q

Transportation

A

the movement of material down a river

27
Q

Traction

A

large load rolling

28
Q

Suspension

A

Small bits of the load floating

29
Q

Saltation

A

bouncing and leapfrogging of load

30
Q

Solution

A

dissolved (can’t see)

31
Q

What order do the different types of transportation happen from the top of the river in the upper course to the bottom of the river in the lower course?

A

Traction
suspension
saltation
solution

32
Q

Hydraulic action

A

the sheer force of the water hitting the banks and the bed

33
Q

Abrasion

A

when the load the river is carrying repeatedly hits and rubs against the banks and bed, causing material to break off and wear away.

34
Q

Attrition

A

Rocks crash together, are weakened and eventually break into smaller pieces

35
Q

Solution

A

Small pieces of material (e.g. limestone and chalk) dissolve into the water

36
Q

Precipitation

A

any source of moisture reaching the ground (e.g. rain, snow, frost).

37
Q

Interception

A

water being prevented from reaching the surface by trees or grass

38
Q

Surface storage

A

water held on the ground surface e.g. puddles

39
Q

Infiltration

A

water sinking into the oil from the ground surface

40
Q

Soil moisture

A

water held in the soil layer

41
Q

Percolation

A

water seeping deeper below the surface

42
Q

Groundwater

A

water stored in the rock

43
Q

Transpiration

A

water lost through the pores in vegetation

44
Q

Evapouration

A

water lost from the ground/vegetation surface

45
Q

Groundwater

A

flow water flowing through the rock layer parallel to the surface

46
Q

Through flow

A

water flowing through the soil layer parallel to the surface

47
Q

Surface run off (overland flow)

A

water flowing on top of the land

48
Q

Water table

A

current upper level of saturated soil where no more water can be absorbed.

49
Q

As the river cuts down in the Upper Course what are the banks attacked by and what does it do?

A

Weathering which loosens the soil and rock. The soil and rock then falls into the river and while some settle on the river bed, the rest is transported downstream.

50
Q

How is a waterfall formed?

A

Soft rock erodes faster than the hard rock to form a vertical drop/step which the water flows down. This is due to the sheer force of the water (hydraulic action).

The soft rock continues to erode more quickly than the hard rock which leads to the soft rock undercutting where the hard rock is.

Further erosion and hydraulic action take place which leads to the hard rock overhanging as well as a plunge pool forming.

Hydraulic action, abrasion and attrition erodes the bottom of the plunge pool eroding quicker than the hard rock creating more of an undercut ledge.

The overhanding hard rock breaks off and the collapsed ledge falls into the plunge pool, breaking into rocks. The rocks in the plunge pool will rub against each other and erode by attrition, as well as rub against the plunge pool floor and erode that which is known as abrasion.

51
Q

How is a gorge formed?

A

Once the waterfall has formed and more hydraulic action has led to an undercut ledge, falls off again and again and the whole process continues to carry on. The waterfall continues to erode up the valley: if you looked from above it would look like a prolongs area of steep valley cut back through the river.

52
Q

Abrasion

A

occurs when a larger load carried by the river hits the bed and banks causing bits to break off.

53
Q

Attrition

A

load carried by the river knocks into the other parts of the load, so it breaks off the other parts of the load making the load smaller and smoother.

Physical Geography (1 decks)

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