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Physics > Waves > Flashcards

Waves Flashcards

1
Q

Waves:

A

Disturbances that move through empty space of a medium

Transfer energy without transferring matter

Particles of medium move in simple harmonic motion

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2
Q

Mechanical wave:

A

Caused by a disturbed medium.

Ex: water, sound waves

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3
Q

Medium:

A

Matter particles like solid, liquid, gas.

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of mechanical waves in a medium?

A

Transverse and longitudinal

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5
Q

Transverse waves:

A

Disturbance is perpendicular to direction of wave

Ex: vibrating string of musical instrument

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6
Q

Longitudinal waves (compression & rare fraction):

A

Disturbance is parallel to direction of wave

Compression: particles are closest together
Rare fraction: particles are farthest apart.

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7
Q

Electromagnetic waves:

A

Move through empty space

Created by moving electrons

Ex: light, radio waves, microwaves

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8
Q

Wave pulse:

A

Single wave disturbance

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9
Q

Wave train

A

Series of pulses at intervals

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10
Q

Damping:

A

Decrease in the amplitude of a wave caused by energy loss or spreading out of wave over large area

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11
Q

Wavelength:

A

Length of one wave pulse

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12
Q

Frequency:

A

Vibrations per second of wave

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13
Q

Velocity:

A

Speed of a wave, with or without direction.

CONSTANT VELOCITY WITHIN A MEDIUM

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14
Q

Period

A

Seconds it takes for 1 cycle

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15
Q

Pendulum

A

A weight on a string that moves in a simple harmonic motion (swings back and forth)

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16
Q

Simple harmonic motion:

A

Vibration about an equilibrium position

15 degrees is the max angle for a pendulum to have simple harmonic motion.

Masses do NOT effect the period

Length and gravity effect period

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17
Q

Reflection

A

The turning back of a wave at the boundary of a new medium

Ex: light of mirror, sound echo.

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18
Q

Incident wave

A

Incoming wave

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19
Q

If a wave is reflected off a fixed boundary,…

A

It is inverted; boundary cannot move

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20
Q

If reflected off of flexible boundary…

A

Upright, boundary can move

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21
Q

Refraction:

A

The bending of wave as it enters a new medium indirectly

22
Q

How is refraction caused?

A

Difference in speed of the new medium

23
Q

In refraction, fast to slow bends _____

A

Towards the normal line

24
Q

In refraction, slow to fast bends______

A

Away from normal line

25
Q

Diffraction

A

Spreading of waves around edges or through an opening of a boundary. The greatest when opening is smaller than wavelength

26
Q

Principle of superposition:

A

When 2 or more waves are present at the same place, the resultant disturbance is the sum from the individual waves

27
Q

Constructive interference:

A

Crest meets crest or trough meets trough. ADD

28
Q

Destructive interference:

A

Crest meets trough or trough meets crest. SUBTRACT

29
Q

Antinodal lines

A

Lines of constructive interference m

30
Q

Nodal lines

A

Lines of destructive interference

31
Q

Standing wave

A

Created by waves of same frequencies, wavelengths, and amplitude traveling in opposite directions.

Consists of nodes and antinodes

Amount of nodes and antinodes depends on frequency

32
Q

Sound waves (longitudinal)

A

Created by a single vibrating object

Longitudinal mechanical waves

Frequency determines pitch

33
Q

Less than 20,000 Hz are ______

A

Infrasonic

34
Q

20-20,000 Hz is _______

A

Audible sound

35
Q

Greater than 20,000 Hz is _____

A

Ultrasonic

36
Q

Velocity:

A

Depends on: elasticity (air-343 m/s, solids- 5000m/s, liquids- 1500m/s.)

Temperatures (faster at higher temps)

37
Q

Doppler effect:

A

Change in pitch caused by relative motion of source and the observer.

Pitch increases as sound and observer approach

Pitch decreases as sound and observer move away.

38
Q

The property of sound associated with the loudness is:

A

Amplitude

39
Q

The property of sound associated with pitch is:

A

Frequency

40
Q

The rate of transferring energy through an area is:

A

Sound intensity

41
Q

The vibration of an object that is made to vibrate by another object:

A

Forced vibration

42
Q

Secondary vibrations caused by forced vibration of a 1st object:

A

Sympathetic vibrations

43
Q

Part of an instrument forced into vibration to amplify sound

A

Sounding board

44
Q

The decimal scale relates…

A

Sound intensity to human hearing

45
Q

1 dB is the smallest______

A

Change in loudness an average listener can detect.

46
Q

If intensity increases by 10dB,…

A

New sound appears twice as loud

47
Q

Resonance

A

Dramatic increase in the amplitude of a wave when the frequency of an applied force matches the natural frequency of the object.

48
Q

All objects have what?

A

A natural frequency

49
Q

In wind instruments, how is sound produced

A

Vibrating air column

50
Q

Frequency depends on what in a wind instrument

A

The length of the air column

Physics (3 decks)

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