Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

// > WBC > Flashcards

WBC Flashcards

1
Q

What is the precursor to macrophages?

A

Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give 3 examples of granulocytes

A

Basophil, Neutrophil and Eosinophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do the granules in granulocytes contain?

A

Agents for killing phagocytic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does cell division of granulocytes occur?

A

In myeloblasts, promyelocytes and myelocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the main function of neutrophils?

A

Defence against infection by phagocytosing and then killing organisms

Chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How long do neutrophils survive in circulation before they migrate to tissues?

A

7-10 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain how neutrophils migrate to areas of inflammation

A

Inflammatory mediators release, have a gradient, neutrophils move to area of high conc. of these mediators

Chemotaxis - Neutrophils become marginated in the vessel lumen, adhere to the endothelium and migrate into tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Outline the super oxide dependent method of phagocytosis by neutrophil

A

Release of reactive oxygen species - respiratory birth

Providing substrate for enzyme - MPO

Producing toxic, acidic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Outline the oxygen independent method of phagocytosis by neutrophil

A

Variety of anti-microbial compounds are released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the precursor to eosinophils? Function?

A

Myeloblast

Defence against parasitic infection

Regulation of some hypersensitivity reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do the granules in basophils contain? Function?

A

Stores of histamine, heparin and proteolytic enzymes

Role in allergic response + Variety of immune and inflammatory responses, however do not result in an increased number of basophils and so are far rarer than the other granulocytes (so they indicate something is wrong)

Mediation of immediate-type hypersensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How long do monocytes spend in circulation? Function?

A

Several days

Phagocytosis (+scavenging) and antigen presentation to lymphoid cells

Develop into macrophages (histiocytes)

Macrophages store and release iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do B lymphocytes rise from?

A

Liver and bone marrow of the foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What cells can NK cells kill? What immune system it’s part of?

A

Tumourous cells and virus-infected cells

Innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are macrophages also known as?

A

Histiocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are other names for the CD-4 and CD-8 T-lymphocytes?

A

T-Helper and Cytotoxic-T Cells

18
Q

What do B lymphocytes mature into that produce antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

19
Q

What immunity are b cells and t cells part of?

A 
B = humoural
T = cell-mediated
20
Q

WHAT DO THE FOLLOWING SUFFIXES MEAN?

  • philia
  • cytosis
  • penia
A 
philia/cytosis = too many
penia = too little
21
Q

What are the consequences of leukocytosis and leukopenia?

A

Changes in neutrophil count as this is usually the most abundant leukocyte in circulation

22
Q

What can neutrophilia be caused by?

A

Neoplasms - myeloproliferative disorders - Tumours produce granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) which skews the neutrophil retention/release balance in bone marrow

Inflammation

Infection -bacterial and especially pyogenic

Corticosteroids

Exercise - as a result of demargination of cells from the endothelial tissue or as part of phagocytic and inflammatory response

Pregnancy - physiologic stress due to pregnant state

Tissue damage/death (infarction)

23
Q

What is left shift?

A

An increase in non-segmented neutrophils or that there are neutrophil precursors (myelocytes) in the blood; a sign of neutrophilia

24
Q

What is toxic granulation?

A

heavy granulation of neutrophils - infection, inflammation, tissue necrosis, pregnancy

25
Q

What is Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)?

A

Increase in all granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils and their precursors in bone marrow and blood

26
Q

What causes CML?

A

Translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 (BCR from 22 fuses with ABL1 on 9 to form a copy of BCR-ABL1 on both genes), occurring in a single haemopoietic stem cell

Giving cell a growth and survival advantage, leading to far more granulocytes by cell expansion

27
Q

What are key indicators that a patient has CML?

A

Enlarged spleen

BCR-ABL 1 protein signals between the cells surface and the nucleus

28
Q

How can the CML be potentially cured?

A

Can be inhibited by specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors as this prevents signal for cell division of the haemopoietic stem cell

29
Q

What can cause neutropenia?

A

Physiological basis - benign ethnic neutropenia

Radiotherapy/Chemotherapy

Autoimmune disorders

Infections - severe bacterial, certain viral

Drugs

30
Q

What is neutrophil hypersegmentation?

A

When there are more than 5 segments in the average of neutrophil lobes or segments (right shift)

31
Q

What causes neutrophil hypersegementation? megaloblast?

A

Lack of Vitamin B12 and folate - causes megaloblastic anaemia

  • type of macrocytic anaemia

MEGALOBLAST = abnormal bone marrow erythroblast –> larger than normal + shows nucleo-cytoplasmic dissociation (delay in nucleus maturing)

32
Q

What causes eosinophilia?

A

Allergy or parasitic infection e.g - asthma, eczema

Leukaemia

33
Q

What is a cause of basophilia?

A

Leukaemia

34
Q

What are some of the causes of monocytosis?

A

Infection or chronic inflammation

Leukaemia

35
Q

How can you tell there is lymphocytosis in a blood film?

A

May find atypical lymphocytes e.g -Epstein Barr virus infection (infectious mononucleosis)

Neutrophils have become basophiliated with granules

Cell membrane is loose and looks like it is ‘hugging’ surroundings

36
Q

What are the causes of a transient and then a persistent lymphocytosis?

A

Viral infection (transient) –> get atypical lymphocytes

Lymphoproliferative disorder (persistent)

whooping cough

37
Q

Name four causes of Lymphopenia

A

HIV Infection

Chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

Corticosteroids

38
Q

What is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)?

A

Lymphoproliferative disorder

Leads to squashed lymphocytes

Most common cause of persistent lymphocytosis in elderly

Characterising profile of cell surface markers expressed by lymphocytes helps determine the cause of the lymphocytosis

39
Q

What is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)?

A

Increase in very immature cells (lymphoblasts) with a failure of these to develop into mature lymphocytes

Bone marrow infiltrated by lymphoblasts which then replace bone marrow cells (haemopoietic cells), resulting in impaired haemopoiesis and lymphoblasts circulate in the peripheral blood

Acute conditions are severe and sudden in onset

40
Q

What are the three possible treatments for ALL?

A

Supportive - RBCs, Platelets and antibiotics

Systemic chemotherapy

Intrathecal chemotherapy

41
Q

Why is someone with ALL more susceptible to bleeding?

A

There is a reduction in the production of platelets by the bone marrow

// (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions