wealth, health & happiness Flashcards
1
Q
wealth & happiness
A
- income small but robust predictor of life satisfaction (boyce et al., 2010)
- losses loom larger than gains e.g. loss aversion
- need to consider losses & gains in happiness
2
Q
prospect theory and loss aversions
A
- losses have twice the impact on utility than equivalent gains
- “losses loom larger than gains” (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979)
3
Q
individual differences in loss aversion
boyce et al. (2015)
A
- Loss aversion deemed universal in prospect theory
- Conscientiousness, although usually adaptive, is also characterised by a rigidity of thought & obsessiveness
- Might be particularly problematic when a desired outcome isn’t achieved or it lost
- Conscientious inds place great value on economic outcomes
- Conscientious inds put more effort into achieving their goals (Duckworth et al., 2007) the loss of that outcome might be appraised as due to lack of their own ability (stable and general cause of failure) as opposed to a lack of effort
- –> losses should loom larger for those higher in conscientiousness
4
Q
personality, marriage & happiness
boyce et al. (2016)
A
- pre-marriage personality to predict life satisfaction before & during marriage - SOEP
- women: high C linked to increased satisfaction over the years of marriage (C inds place more value on relationship goals)
- men: E associated wit increased satisfaction across marriage (linked to status), introversion for women
5
Q
personality & job performance
A
- cog function highly associated
- C - +ve corr, as goal orientated
- N - -ve corr, may be due to characteristics not relating to job performance directly
6
Q
personality & health
A
- multiple facets in how we experience/interpret illness
- subjective or objective markers
- treatment & compliance
- antimicrobial resistance
- mortality & personality
7
Q
C & IQ survival curves
what do they show regarding personality & health?
A
- C: gender diffs, men die sooner, effect of C similar across genders
- low C pass away sooner (associated with greater risk taking), C protective factor against mortality
- IQ: higher IQ protective factor against conditions???
8
Q
N & survival curve
A
- high N associated with sharp increase in mortality
- why: indirect through impact N has on mental health, consequence of chronic illness…
9
Q
traits & mortality
A
traits comparable to things governments are trying to prioritise e.g. obesity & binge drinking (personality as risk factor)
correlations with mortality
10
Q
traits & compliance
to taking meds
A
- C: high find it easier to comply with treatments
- bigger than some interventions
- effect of interventions is about 1/2 effect of C e.g. beh interventions
11
Q
antibody response & traits
A
- high antibody responses beneficial
- high in N lower antibody responses
- N deleterious factor in how we fight disease
- may be mediated by effect ppl experience stress, related to antibodies as well
12
Q
methods for health & disease & personality
symptom reporting
A
- viral challenge studies
- quasi-experiments
- case control designs
13
Q
viral challenge studies
A
- Expose 50% to a pathogen (usually common cold) & 50% to a placebo
- Keep in isolation
- Examine for 1-2 weeks
- Randomised controlled trial
- Can make causal inference - e.g. N increases symptom reporting
- Often isn’t feasible
14
Q
quasi-experiments
health, disease & personality
A
- Examine ppl at high & low stress times
- Usually done on same students during exams & vacation times
- Compare effects of personality on stress
15
Q
case control designs
health, disease & personality
A
- Compare diff high stressed & low stressed groups
- Systematically diff levels of stress & trait of interest
- Num of other factors that needs to be considered
- More difficult to make causal inferences
