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Foundations in Public Health > Week 2 - Epidemiology Principles, Methods, and Applications > Flashcards

Week 2 - Epidemiology Principles, Methods, and Applications Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 core sciences of public health

A

Prevention effectiveness, epidemiology, laboratory, informatics, and surveillance

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1
Q

What is epidemiology

A

The study of distribution and determinants of health-related phenomena inhuman populations and the application of this study to control health problems

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2
Q

What are the 4 purposes of epidemiology

A
  1. Discover the agent, host, and environmental factors that affect heath
  2. Determine relative important of causes of illness, disability, and death
  3. Identify those segments of the population that have the greatest risk from specific causes of ill health
  4. Evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in improving population health
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3
Q

What is an epidemic or outbreak

A

Higher occurrence of disease in given time and place than what is expected

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4
Q

What is a cluster

A

A group of cases in specific time and place that might be more than expected

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5
Q

What is endemic

A

Disease or condition present among a population at all times

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6
Q

What is a pandemic

A

A disease or condition that spreads across regions

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7
Q

What is rate

A

Number of cases occurring during a scientific period; always dependent on the size of the population during that period

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8
Q

What 3 patterns of disease make up distribution

A

Person, place, and time

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9
Q

What is another word for determinants

A

Exposures

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10
Q

What is morbidity

A

Illness due to a specific disease or health condition

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11
Q

What is mortality

A

Deaths from various causes

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12
Q

What are the 7 key activities of epidemiology

A
  1. Meticulous description
  2. Comparison of groups
  3. Investigation
  4. Interpretation
  5. Understanding the limitations of data and the sources of bias in observations
  6. Drawing causal inferences
  7. Creating and evaluating interventions
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13
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of routinely available data

A

Collected, analyzed, presented to assess populations health or patterns of disease, and used to observe and describe

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14
Q

What are the 5 values of routine data

A

Readily available, low cost, useful to identify hypothesis, useful for initial assessment, and provides baseline data on expected levels of health/disease

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15
Q

What are 4 limitations of routine data

A

Not always up-to-date, lack of completeness (except census), some variables of internets may not be collected, and occasionally subject to political influences and manipulation

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16
Q

What are 4 sources of routinely available data

A

Demographic data, mortality data, morbidity data, and health facilities usage data

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17
Q

What is the main source of demographic data

A

Census data - informs legislation and diplomacy and helps determine allocation of resources

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18
Q

What are kinds of mortality data

A

Civil registration and vital statistics/birth death and marriage records - allow for international comparison of patterns of fertility and mortality

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19
Q

What is morbidity data

A

Data on occurrence of disease and disability

20
Q

What 4 places can be used to collect morbidity data

A

Hospital databases, primary care records, case or disease registers, and official household and population surveys

21
Q

What 7 variables are able to be captured using routine data

A

Height, weight, BMI, smoking status, cholesterol, blood pressure, and vaccination coverage

22
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of public health surveillance

A

Systematic collection of data about occurrence of specific diseases, analysis and interpretation of these data, and dissemination of disease-related information

23
Q

What are the 2 measures of morbidity

A

Incidence and prevalence

24
Q

What is incidence

A

A measure of the probability of occurrence of a given medical condition within specified period of time

25
Q

What is prevalence

A

The portion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition over a period of time

26
Q

What are the 3 measures of mortality

A

Crude death rate, specific mortality rate, and case fatality rate

27
Q

What is case fatality rate

A

The proportion of people who, having developed a disease, die from it

28
Q

What is specific mortality rate

A

The mortality rate of a specific subgroup of the population (e.g. people of a certain age)

29
Q

What is healthy life expectancy

A

The number of years an individual can expect to live in good health

30
Q

What is disability free life expectancy

A

The number of years that an individual can expect to live without disability

31
Q

What is unique about years lived with disability when measuring healthy and unhealthy aging

A

Takes into account number of years and severity of the disability

32
Q

What are disability adjusted life years

A

Measures the combined effect of premature death (years of life lost) and disability

33
Q

What is descriptive epidemiology

A

Examine and describes disease and health patterns in relation to person, place, and time

34
Q

What are the 2 main purposes of epidemiological studies

A

To establish causes or risk of developing a specific disease and test he ability of particular activities/technologies to stop diseases from developing or slow their progression

35
Q

What are cross sectional studies

A

Prevalence studies (population surveys) that describe populations at a point in time

36
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of cross sectional studies

A

Study at a single point in time, doesn’t involve manipulation, allows researchers to look at numbers characteristics at once, often used to look at prevailing characteristics in a given population, and can provide information about what’s happening in a current population

37
Q

What kinds of sampling can be done in cross sectional studies

A

Simple random, systematic random, and stratified random

38
Q

What are cohort studies

A

Study (prospective or retrospective) where a population free of disease is assembled and individuals are categorized according to whether or not they’ve been exposed to risk factors of interest

39
Q

What are case-control studies

A

Examines the extent to which people with an established disease (cases) and a comparable group who don’t have disease (controls) have been exposed to a risk factor believed to be responsible for causing disease

40
Q

What are the benefits of case-control studies

A

Faster and cheaper than cohort studies and useful when investigating rare diseases

41
Q

What is association

A

Tells you whether or not two variables are related

42
Q

What is absolute risk

A

An individuals risk of developing the disease over a time period

43
Q

What is attributable risk

A

Measure of prevalence of a condition or disease (Fraction of people who develop disease/condition that have been exposed)

44
Q

What is population attributable risk

A

Measure of the extent to which the disease that occurs in the who population is due, or attributable, to the risk factor

45
Q

What are confounding variables

A

Describes the situation in which an association between to variables is observed, but a third factor is related to both

46
Q

What are randomized control trials

A

Experimental design to analyze impact of a planned action

47
Q

What is blinding

A

Maintaining the lack of knowledge of which group a participant belongs to

48
Q

What are the 7 principles of applied epidemiology

A
  1. Study history and health of a population
  2. Diagnose health of a community and the condition of people
  3. Estimate from group experience the individual risks and ways to avoid them
  4. Identify syndromes
  5. Complete clinical picture of chronic diseases and describe their natural history
  6. Search for causes
  7. Study working of health services

Foundations in Public Health (13 decks)

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