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NUR112 > WEEK 1 BIOSCIENCE - INTRO TO HUMAN BODY > Flashcards

WEEK 1 BIOSCIENCE - INTRO TO HUMAN BODY Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

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2
Q

Identify all human body systems

A

integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
urinary
endocrine
digestive
male reproductive
female reproductive

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3
Q

Integumentary system principle functions

A
  • external body covering and protects the body and deeper tissue from injury
  • synthesis of vitamin D
  • houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands
  • regulates temperature
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4
Q

Integumentary system’s main organs

A

skin
hair
nails

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5
Q

skeletal system principle functions

A
  • protects and supports body organs
  • provides a framework for muscles to generate movement
  • blood cells are formed in bone
  • bones store minerals
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6
Q

skeletal system main organs

A

bones
joints

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7
Q

muscular system principle functions

A
  • allows manipulation of environment
  • locomotion/voluntary involuntary movement
  • facial expressions
  • maintains posture
  • produces heat
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8
Q

muscular system main organs

A

skeletal muscles

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9
Q

nervous system principle functions

A
  • fast-acting control system
  • responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands to respond to stimuli
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10
Q

nervous system’s main organs

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

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11
Q

endocrine system principle functions

A
  • glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
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12
Q

endocrine system’s main organs

A

Pineal gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas
testis
ovary

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13
Q

cardiovascular system principle functions

A
  • blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc
  • the heart pumps blood
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14
Q

The cardiovascular system’s main organs

A

heart
blood vessels

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15
Q

lymphatic system principle functions

A
  • picks up fluid leaked out from blood vessels and returns to blood (fluid balance)
  • disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
  • houses WBC involved in immunity
  • the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances in the body
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16
Q

lymphatic system’s main organs

A

red bone marrow
thymus
lymphatic vessels
thoracic duct
spleen
lymph nodes

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17
Q

respiratory system principle functions

A
  • keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
  • these exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
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18
Q

respiratory system main organs

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchus
lungs

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19
Q

digestive system principle functions

A
  • breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
  • indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated
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20
Q

digestive system’s main organs

A

oral cavity
esophagus
liver
stomach
large and small intestine
rectum and anus

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21
Q

urinary system principle functions

A
  • eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
  • regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
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22
Q

urinary system’s main organs

A

kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra

23
Q

mal reproductive system principle functions

A
  • production of offspring
  • testes produce sperm ad male sex hormone and male ducts and glands aid in the delivery of sperm into the female reproductive tract
24
Q

male reproductive system’s main organs

A

prostate
penis
testis
scrotum
ductus deferens

25
Q

female reproductive system principle functions

A
  • production of offspring
  • ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
  • the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilisation and development of the fetus
  • mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
26
Q

female reproductive system’s main organs

A

mammary glands
ovary
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina

27
Q

intercellular fluid (ICF)

A

fluid outside the cells

28
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluid outside the cells

29
Q

two categories of ECF

A

interstitial fluid (ISF)
plasma

30
Q

three types of chemical reactions

A

synthesis (anabolic): small -> large
decomposition (catabolic): large -> small
exchange (displacement)

31
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that increases the rate of reaction

32
Q

body pH range

A

7.35-7.45

33
Q

carbohydrate functions

A

provide short term energy for cellular function

34
Q

Lipids function: triglycerides

A

long term energy storage
thermal insulation
protection from mechanical trauma

35
Q

lipids function: phospholipids

A

distinctive structure
cell membranes

36
Q

lipids function: steroids

A

lipids function: steroids

37
Q

DNA functions

A

hereditary informtaion
encodes genes

38
Q

fibrous proteins

A

elongated, strand-like
stable
structural proteins
e.g. keratin, collagen

39
Q

globular proteins

A

compact, spherical
chemically active
functional proteins
e.g. enzymes, hormones

40
Q

homeostasis

A

keeping a relatively stable environment

41
Q

homeostatic control mechanisms’ major components

A

stimulus -> receptor -> (afferent pathway) -> control centre -> (efferent pathway) -> effector -> response

42
Q

what is regulated in our internal environment

A

gas concentrations
nutrient levels
water volume and pressure
electrolyte concentrations
acid-base balance
temperature
waste products

43
Q

types of receptors

A

thermoreceptors
chemoreceptors
osmoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
barorecetors

44
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temperature

45
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect changes in chemical levels in fluids e.g. ions + pH

46
Q

osmoreceptors

A

detect changes in osmolarity of the blood (balance between the amount of solvents and solute in the blood)

47
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect changes in mechanical pressure

48
Q

baroreceptors

A

detect changes in BP in arteries

49
Q

nervous system impulses

A

nervous impulses
electrical
rapid
short-lived
limited target range

50
Q

endocrine system impulses

A

hormones
chemical
slow acting
long-lived
wide target range

51
Q

contents of blood

A

plasma 45%
buffy coat <1%
-> WBC and platelets (blood clotting)
haematocrit 42-47%

52
Q

erythrocytes

A

function: gas transport
- biconcave shape: large SA:V
- no oganelles: more space for Hb
- flexibility: ability to bend

53
Q

functions of blood

A
  • distribution: oxygen and carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients and wastes
  • regulation: interstitial fluid, pH, body temp
  • protection: infection control, prevention of blood loss

NUR112 (10 decks)

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