Week 1: Fungal growth and morphogenesis 1

Question 1

What are fungi?

Answer 1

A group of eukaryotic organisms - cells have a nucleus - equal in rank to plants and animals

Question 2

evolutionary, are fungi closely related to animas?

Answer 2

YES, good to study in order to understand human genetics

Question 3

How do fungi typicaly grow?

Answer 3

grow as filaments termed hyphae (~5-10 μm in diameter), surrounded by a wall, and extend at their tips - apical growth. All the hyphae form the mycelium.

Question 4

What is the growth form the hyphae called?

Answer 4

apical growth

Question 5

What is the combination of all the hyphae together?

Answer 5

mycelium

Question 6

What type of organims are fungi?

Answer 6

chemoorganotrophic (heterotrophic) organisms

Question 7

What does chemoorganotrophic/heterotrophic mean?

Answer 7

obtain C and energy from simple , soluble nutrients (sugars, amino acids etc) and by releasing extracellular enzymes to degrade polymers.

Question 8

What is an example of a heterotrophic action by fungi?

Answer 8

cellulose is degraded by cellulose which is secreated extracellularly, which breaks down the cellulose into glucose

Question 9

Are yeasts uni or multicellular?

Answer 9

unicellular

Question 10

Can yeast prodice hyphae?

Answer 10

Yes, and it is unicellular

Question 11

How are fungi dispersed?

Answer 11

by means of spores produced by either an asexual or sexual process

Question 12

Do fungi disprse sexually or asexually?

Answer 12

either

Question 13

Do fungi dispersed sexually or asexually?

Answer 13

either

Question 14

What surround hyphae?

Answer 14

cell wall and extend attheor tips

Question 15

What is the body of the fungus called?

Answer 15

mycelium

Question 16

How does the body of the fungus form?

Answer 16

hyphae branch repeatedly to form the body (mycelium)

Question 17

What can arise form the mycelium?

Answer 17

macroscophic fruiting bodies

Question 18

What fungi may produce macroscopic fruiting bodies?

Answer 18

mushrooms, toad stools, fly agaric fungi, puffballs

Question 19

Where are mushrooms/ macroscopic fruiting bodies found?

Answer 19

mycelium ramifying trough the soil or wood etc

Question 20

How does reproduction occur in macroscopic fungi?

Answer 20

spores
germination
mycelium
mating with a compatible mating type, causing differentiation of this fruiting body (hyphae come together)

–> mushroom primordia

Question 21

Where are the spores found in macroscopic funcgi?

Answer 21

cap

Question 22

What are the spores called in the basidio mysies species of toad stool?

Answer 22

basidiospores

Question 23

How are basidiospores dispersed?

Answer 23

violently into the air

Question 24

Do different types of spores exist ?

Answer 24

YES

Question 25

What is a spore?

Answer 25

Fungi commonly produce spores during sexual and asexual reproduction. Spores are usually haploid and grow into mature haploid individuals through mitotic division of cells

Question 26

What are the spores in aspergillus nidulans spp. like?

Answer 26

A stalk can arise for the mycelium and bare the spores in chains, forming a globos head comprsing numerous spores (thousands).

Question 27

What is a globos head?

Answer 27

thousand of spores connected by chains

Question 28

What is the mature head of aspergillus nidulans like?

Answer 28

Tip of mature conidiophore bearing numerous chains of conidia (asexual spores).

Question 29

Why is the mature conidiophore useful for fungi?

Answer 29

the spore can imbed itself on impact in a log or plant, enabling colonisation

Question 30

How do most yeasts reproduce?

Answer 30

budding but some can exhibit filamentous growth

Question 31

What is an example for yeast spp.? (baker’s yeast)

Answer 31

saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 32

What is the yeast responsible for thrush?

Answer 32

candida albicans

Question 33

What are examples of yeast which grow as budding yeast?

Answer 33

saccharomyces cerevisiae and candida albicans

Question 34

Do candida always reproduce by budding?

Answer 34

no, under correct condition they can form germ tubes and true mycelium
37 d.c can induce these formation and create a invasive entity and colonise

Question 35

What is an example of yeast which reproduce by binary fission?

Answer 35

Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Question 36

What is binary fission?

Answer 36

the process through which asexual reproduction happens in bacteria.

Question 37

What is pseudohyphal growth?

Answer 37

distinct vegetative growth form – different to budding and from hyphal growth
constriction at the septal junctions
cells synchronously divide

Question 38

What are the 4 forms of reproduction in yeast?

Answer 38

pseudohyphal growth
binary fission
budding
filamentous growth

Question 39

What are some yeast which undergo pseudohyphal growth?

Answer 39

Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata (and S. cerevisiae)