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PSYC363 > Week 1 - Intro and Psychophysics > Flashcards

Week 1 - Intro and Psychophysics Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

transduction (conversion) of physical features of the environment into electrochemical signals

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2
Q

Perception

A

our experience of sensation

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3
Q

How many senses do we have?

A

10
Vision, audition, tactile perception, proprioception, nociception, thermoception, balance, body movement, olfaction, gustation

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4
Q

How many neurons in the brain? How many connections?

A

68 billion, each forms +/-7000 connections, resulting in between 100-500 trillion synapses in the brain (same # as the # of stars in the Milky Way)

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5
Q

Thalamus

A

The most important subcortical structure involved in perception; most neural signals originating in the sensory organs pass through the thalamus on their paths to the cortex.

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6
Q

Cognitive neuropsychology

A

The investigation of perceptual and cognitive deficits in individuals with brain damage in order to discover how perception and cognition are carried out in the normal, undamaged brain.

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7
Q

Modularity

A

The idea that the human mind and brain consist of a set of distinct modules, each of which carries out one or more specific functions.

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8
Q

Dissociation

A

In cognitive neuropsychology, a pattern of brain damage and impaired function in which damage to some specific brain region is associated with impairment of some specific function but not with impairment of another function.

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9
Q

Double dissociation

A

In cognitive neuropsychology, a pattern of brain damage and impaired function in which damage to some specific brain region is associated with impairment of some specific function A but not with impairment of another function B, along with a pattern (in a different patient) in which damage to a different region is associated with impairment of function B but not with impairment of function A.

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10
Q

Johannes Müller contribution

A

Doctrine of specific nerve energies: nature of a sensation depends on which neurons are active and not on how the neurons are stimulated

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11
Q

Charles Sherrington contribution

A

Neurons are not physically connected but they work in networks
Also pushed the idea that there are more than 5 senses

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12
Q

Wilder Penfield contribution

A

Stimulating neurons in certain regions of the brain lead to patients feeling sensation of touch on their body

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13
Q

Horace Barlow contribution

A

Neuron doctriine: Perception depends on a combination of specialized neurons, each selective for a particular stimulus attribute

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14
Q

Polysensory brain areas

A

Information from several senses is combined in those areas

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15
Q

Herman von Helmholtz contribution

A

Invented ophtalmoscope (to see the eyes)
Argued that all behaviour could be explained by only physical forces (materialism) - measured the speed of the neural impulses and proved that neurons obey the laws of physics and chemistry

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16
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal contribution

A

Created detailed drawings of neurons and neural structures
1st person to discover the synapse (realized that neurons communicate with each other)
Nobel Prize in Medicine for that

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17
Q

How can we record the activity of single neurons?

A

recording electrode inside the nerve fibre + null electrode outside the fibre

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18
Q

Resting potential

A

negative charge of the neuron relative to its surroundings when the neuron is not firing an action potential (value of -70mV)

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19
Q

Steps of action potential

A

1- Resting potential
2- Sodium flows into neuron, charge rising up to +40mV (depolarization)
3- Potassium flows out of axon (repolarization), charge dropping down below -70 (hyperpolarization)
4-Refractory period, no action potential

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20
Q

Depolarization

A

Potassium flowing out of the cell, Sodium flows into neuron, charge rising up to +40mV

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21
Q

Repolarization

A

Potassium flows out of axon (repolarization)

22
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Potassium flows out of axon (repolarization), charge dropping down below -70 (hyperpolarization)

23
Q

Cause of refractory period

A

caused by sodium channel that are closed and unable to open (causing the refractory period of the cell)

24
Q

How can we notice stimulus intensity with action potential

A

the firing rate will be higher; action potential are ALWAYS of the same strength

25
Q

Time of refractory period

A

1ms

26
Q

Max firing rate of neuron

A

500-800 impulses per sec

27
Q

Spontaneous activity of neurons

A

Action potentials firing without stimulation (normal)

28
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Using electrodes on the scalp, measure electrical activity from populations of many neurons in the brain

29
Q

Event-related potential (ERP)

A

Measure of electrical activity from a subpopulation of neurons in response to a particular stimuli that requires averaging many EEG recordings

30
Q

Visually evoked potentials (EVP)

A

Measure of electrical activity from a sub population of visual neurons in repsonse to a visual stimulus

31
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Technique similar to EEG that measures changes in magnetic activity across pops of many neurons in the brain

32
Q

Computerized tomography (CT)

A

An imaging technology that uses X-ray to create images of slices through volumes of material

33
Q

Magnetic resonance imagin (MRI)

A

Imaging technology that uses the responses of atoms to strong magnetic fields to form images of structures like the rbain

34
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Functional neuroimaging technique based on measurement of changes in blood flow associated with brain activity, using a radioactive substance introduced into the blood (not as popular as it once was, slowly replaced by fMRI)

35
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

Variant of MRI that makes it possible to measure localized patterns of activity in the brain
Activated neurons provoke increased bloodflow, which can be quantified by measuring changes of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to strong magnetic fields

36
Q

Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal

A

Ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated hemoglobin that permits the localization of brain neurons that are most involved in a task

37
Q

Functional near-infared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

A

Similar technology as finger clips that have a light to measure your bloodflow, uses that in cortex to measure bloodflow in the brain

38
Q

Representations

A

Information in the mind and brain used to identify objects and events, to store them in memory, and to support thought and action.

39
Q

Link between perception and energy

A

Sensation/perception provide information about the types of energy in our environment
we evolved to sense some types of energy only, not all (only the most important to our survival)

40
Q

Cycle of perceptual process (from Environmental Stimulus)

A

Environmental stimulus > attended stimulus > sti mulus on the receptors > transduction (conversion into neural signals) > processing in the CNS > perception (knowledge impacts processing and perception) > recognition of the perception > action related to that perception > action impacts the environmental stimulus in the environment

41
Q

Distal/attended stimulus

A

the part of the environment that we are attending to

42
Q

Environmental stimulus

A

all the things that can be possibly perceived in our environment

43
Q

proximal stimulus

A

A physical phenomenon evoked by a distal stimulus that impinges on the specialized cells of a sense.

44
Q

top-down information

A

An observer’s knowledge, expectations, and goals, which can affect perception.

45
Q

bottom-up information

A

The information contained in neural signals from receptors.

46
Q

transduction

A

The transformation of a physical stimulus into neural signals.

47
Q

Neural code

A

A pattern of neural signals that carries information about a stimulus and can serve as a representation of that stimulus.

48
Q

Psychophysics

A

science of defining quantitative relationships between physical stimuli and subjective experience

49
Q

Gustav Fechner contribution

A

Invented psychophysics and is often considered the true father of experimental psychology

50
Q

Absolute threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulation required for people to detect it 50% of the time

51
Q

Method of adjustment

A

adjusting the stimulus using a dial/buttons until it is perceived (not accurate but quick)

52
Q

Method of constant stimuli

A

A behavioral method used in psychophysical experiments; when used to measure the absolute threshold, the participant is repeatedly presented with a fixed set of stimuli, in random order, covering a range of intensities, and the participant must indicate whether or not each stimulus was detected.
(might be used right after the method of adjustment)

PSYC363 (1 decks)

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